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(38 cards)
What is the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
Psychiatrists can prescribe pills.
What are the possible paths for psychology as a profession?
Clinical and experimental psychology.
How many major research areas does psychology have and what are they?
1- Developmental Psychology 2- Social Psychology 3- Physiological Psychology 4- Cognitive Psychology 5- Personality 6- Psychometrics 7- Clinical Psychology 8- Forensic Psychology
What association puts in place the code of ethics for all psychologists?
The Canadian Psychological Association.
What was the major experiment by Ewan Cameron violated many ethics even though he was the president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations?
The CIA funded “MKULTRA” (69000$) in the 1950’s took 80 patients received electro-shock treatments and LSD to try and reduce their personalities to a childhood state.
What questions are asked in psychological research?
What and why do people do what they do. Looking at what through observation and why through relationships in observations.
What is the scientific method and what is it based on?
“A set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence.”
Based on Empiricism, knowledge is acquired through observation.
What works against Empiricism and why?
Dogmatism because it is the tendency for people to cling to assumptions rather than observe and report literally and factually.
What is a first idea called and what rule is involved in developing this idea?
The initial thought is called a Theory and the rule or parsimony or Ockham’s Razor is used which states to keep it simple and only make it more complex if need be.
What do good theories create and lead to?
Good theories lead to hypothesis and especially good theories lead to testable hypothesis.
What is the empirical method and what does it do?
It is a set of rules and techniques used to observe. Helps learn about the true complexity of humans.
What is the arguement between reliability versus validity?
Validity is the extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related and Reliability is the tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the topic.
What two kinds of bias’s effect experimental results?
Participant and Observer bias.
What’s a most effective way to observe the results of an experiment?
A double blind observation where a neutral party watches both the participant and the observer.
What is frequency distribution and what shape does it generally take?
A graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made and most often it is a bell curve.
What 2 kinds of descriptive statistics are used to describe data?
The variability and the central tendency. The central tendency includes the mode, median and mean.
What is the difference between mode, median and mean?
Mode is the peak of the graph or highest value, the mean is the average value of all measurements and the median is the value found directly in the middle.
What other two factors of variability are taken into consideration when conducting an experiment?
The Range which is the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement and Standard Deviation which is a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.
What is correlation both positive and negative along with the correlation coefficient?
Correlation is when the value of variables sync up. Positive correlation is when both variables move the same way (up or down) and Negative is when they move in opposing directions. the correlation coefficient is the measurement of the direction and strength of this correlation. (R) -1 is negative correlation, 1 is positive and 0 is none.
What does finding correlation really do?
Seeing if two variables or things are related or connected. Eg. handgun ownerships connection with homicide rates. While most times they also casually relate to a third variable.
What are some causes of correlation and how does one deal with a third variable?
There is the matched samples technique where participants have a matching third variable, and matched pairs technique is where each participant is identical in a third variable but not another. Test differences.
What is a main issue with correlation studies?
The techniques used do not let us rule out all third variables that may come into effect. This third variable problem is that two variables relationships cannot be inferred because of a third variable possibility.
So how does infer at a relationship without correlation?
Experimentation, allowed us to rule out other existing variables by systematically changing them to test the hypothesis.
What are the three critical steps in experimentation?
- Perform the manipulation of the variable under control.
- Measure the effect of that variable on the dependant.
- Check to see if the result matches the hypothesis in our inference.
