Chapter 6

Question 1

Ballad

Answer 1

A story told or sung by music.

Question 2

Comedy

Answer 2

A play intended to entertain and amuse the audience or reader.

Question 3

Drama

Answer 3

A play usually consisting of 5 acts. Plays can be categorized based on authors intent: satire (ridicule), comedy, tragedy, etc.

Question 4

Epic

Answer 4

A long poem reflecting the values of society.
An epic poem usually contains a protagonist and an antagonist.

Ex. The Iliad and the Odyssey

Question 5

Essay

Answer 5

A work usually written by an opinionated expert with an authoritative tone.

Question 6

Fable

Answer 6

A tale in which animals take on human characteristics. A fable is usually written to provide a moral lesson (didactic) or to illustrate a man’s shortcomings.

Ex. The Tortoise and the Hare

Question 7

Farce

Answer 7

A light dramatic composition that usually uses highly improbable situations, stereotyped characters, exaggerations and violence.

Generally regarded to a comedy

Question 8

Legend

Answer 8

A story of traditional, enduring quality from earlier times.

Question 9

Myth

Answer 9

Myths relate to deeds of extraordinary beings and speak to the common truth about life; myth critics usually focus on stages of a hero: miraculous birth, initiation, fight for community, death and resurrection.

Question 10

Novel

Answer 10

Derived from novella, Italian for compact, realistic fiction. A novel is the longest example of fictional prose.

Question 11

Paradoy

Answer 11

A literary work in which the style of an author (or genre) is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule.

Question 12

Poem

Answer 12

A literary work containing rhythm including sonnet, ode, pastoral, villanelle.

Question 13

Romance

Answer 13

An imaginative story concerning conflicts between heroes and villains written in popular language.

Question 14

Satire

Answer 14

A work holding up human vices, folly, abuses, or shortcomings to ridicule, sometimes with intent to bring about improvement.

Question 15

Short story

Answer 15

A short narrative story written to create an impact upon the reader.

Question 16

Tragedy

Answer 16

A drama with a serious and dignified character in which the protagonist has a tragic flaw that brings about his downfall.

Question 17

Allegory

Answer 17

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

EX

Here are some examples of allegory in literature: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis is a religious allegory with Aslan as Christ and Edmund as Judas. Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser is a religious or moral allegory where characters represent virtues and vices

Question 18

Alliteration

Answer 18

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more words in a line of writing; often used for poetic effect. Alliteration is based on the sound not the spelling.
Example:
-Alice’s aunt ate apples and acorns around august.
-Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Question 19

Allusion

Answer 19

Reference to a well-known person, place, object, event, or literary work or work of art.
The allusion does not give much detail about the reference-it does not describe things in detail. Rather, because these events are momentous-significant historically, culturally, or politically-the speaker or author expects that people in general would understand the allusion without explanation.

example: When your parents learn about your new plan to raise money, it’s going to sink like the Titanic. (allusion to a historical event)
- When you feel betrayed by a friend, you can say, “You too, Brutus?” (allusion to Julius Caesar-Brutus betrayed Caesar)

Question 20

Anachronism

Answer 20

placing an event, person or object out of it chronological place.
For example, if a painter paints a portrait of Aristotle and shows him wearing a wrist watch, it would be an example of anachronism, as we all are aware that wristwatches did not exist during Aristotle’s time.

Question 21

Analogy

Answer 21

an inference that two dissimilar things share common traits.
Green is to go as red is to stop.
You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard.

Question 22

Antagonist

Answer 22

a character or force in conflict with the main (protagonist) character.

Question 23

Antithesis

Answer 23

a figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought parallel arrangements of words and phrases.
Tale of Two Cities (Charles Dickens) “it was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

“Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.”
The use of contrasting ideas, “a small step” and “a giant step”, in the sentence above emphasizes the significance of one of the biggest landmarks of human history.

Question 24

Apostrophe

Answer 24

When a person turns away from the audience and directly addresses an absent person or a personified quality.

Question 25

Assonance

Answer 25

the repetition of of vowel sounds in nearby words. “Men sell the wedding bells.” "I feel depressed and restless." "Go and mow the lawn. "

Question 26

Catharsis

Answer 26

the reader or audience feels compassion with the protagonist and experience a sense of relief when watching the protagonist overcome great odds to survive.

Question 27

Character - Static - Dynamic - Flat - Round

Answer 27

a person in a story, poem, or play. static character- a character who does not change throughout the story. dynamic character- a character who changes in some way during the story. flat character- exhibits few personality traits. round character- complex characters in the story.

Question 28

Climax

Answer 28

the moment of the greatest emotional tension or suspense in a story or novel.

Question 29

Connotation

Answer 29

a hidden meaning of a word usually determined by the context in which the world is used. Words may have negative or positive connotations depending upon a person's experiences. example: thin= positive / skinny= negative For instance, “Wall Street” literally means a street situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it refers to “wealth” and “power”. A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly face. A dove implies peace or gentility. Home suggests family, comfort and security.

Question 30

Consonance

Answer 30

an example of near rhyme- the repetition of terminal consonant sounds often used by poets to create a rhyme. Example: "As in guys she gently sways at ease." Description: In the above line, the word 's' is used repeatedly. This poetic line has been taken from the poem 'The Silken Tent' by Robert Frost.

Question 31

Denouement

Answer 31

a french term that literally means "untying the knot," used to describe the moment of climax resolution in a story.

Question 32

Denotation

Answer 32

the literal dictionary meaning(s) of a word.

Question 33

Eulogy

Answer 33

a speech or writing to praise or honor someone, most commonly spoken at a funeral.

Question 34

Euphemism

Answer 34

a device where a direct, unpleasant expression is replaced by an indirect, pleasant phrase. Example: "he has passes away," is a euphemistic expression for "he is dead."

Question 35

Existentialism

Answer 35

was popularized by the writer, SARTRE. Existentialists believed that man determines his own destiny by the choices he makes. Existentialism is anchored in reality, not idealized life. The most important aspect of life is living free, establishing one's individual "existence" and personality.

Question 36

First- person narrative

Answer 36

occurs in a literary work when a character in the story tells the story from his point of view, often using the pronouns I, me or my.

Question 37

Flashback

Answer 37

a section of literary work that interrupts the sequence of events to relate to an event from an earlier time.

Question 38

Figure of speech- Figurative language

Answer 38

writing or language not meant for literal interpretation; instead these words are out of their literal meaning or out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer meaning by comparing or identifying one thing to another. Figures of speech may include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole or symbolism.

Question 39

Foreshadowing

Answer 39

a hint that prepares readers for what occurs later in the work. In the film Jaws, the audience members always knew that the shark was coming when the music played.

Question 40

Hyperbole

Answer 40

an exaggerated expression or overstatement. Example: I am so hungry, I could eat a horse. or My teenage son eats me out of house and home.

Question 41

Irony - Verbal irony - Dramatic irony

Answer 41

an unexpected disparity between what is spoken or written and the reality or expectation of the situation. Verbal irony is when the author says one thing and means something else. Dramatic irony takes place when the audience perceives something that the character does not know.

Question 42

Malapropism

Answer 42

french word derived from "ill to purpose" is a use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression. example: Alcoholics Unanimous” instead of “Alcoholics Anonymous”

Question 43

Meiosis

Answer 43

or understatement; the presentation of a word or phrase with underemphasis in order to achieve a greater effect, such as, "World War II was a bit of a mess for England."

Question 44

Metaphor | -Extended metaphor

Answer 44

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is implicitly compared to something else creating an analogy, without words such as like or as. example: Shakespeare's character Macbeth laments, "life is a brief candle," "life is a poor player" extended metaphor- where an entire work is ordered into comparison. e.e. cummings' "she being Brand" compares a woman to a automobile.

Question 45

Metonymy

Answer 45

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. We can come across examples of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life. Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.) The given lines are from Shakespeare’s “Julies Caesar” Act “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” Mark Anthony uses “ears” to say that he wants the people present there to listen to him attentively. It is a metonymy because the word “ears” replaces the concept of attention.

Question 46

Muse

Answer 46

denotes memory or reminders. In early times there were no books, therefore story tellers relied on their memories to share the works of others.

Question 47

Narration

Answer 47

a story told in fiction, nonfiction, poetry or drama. Marration may be told from the point of view of one character in either first or third person; or it may be omniscient (in which the narrator reveals to the audience or reader what the characters think and feel.

Question 48

Neoclassicism

Answer 48

adherence to virtues thought to be characteristic of classical literature: elegance, correctness, simplicity, dignity, restraint, order and proportion; neoclassicism sometimes modifies a classic in order to comment on contemporary conditions. the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music

Question 49

Onomatopoeia

Answer 49

the use of words that imitate sounds. | examples: clang, sizzle, chirp, bong, bang, clatter, rattle.

Question 50

Oxymoron

Answer 50

the conjunction of words which, at first view, seem to be contradictory or incongruous, but whose surprising juxtaposition expresses a truth or dramatic effect, such as military intelligence, jumbo shrimp, deafening silence, freezing fire, sweet sorrow.

Question 51

Palindrome

Answer 51

a word, verse or sentence in which the sequence of letters is the same forward and backwards. example: madam, radar, Bob, peep

Question 52

Paradox

Answer 52

It is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. I am nobody. “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” – George Bernard Shaw Wise fool Truth is honey which is bitter. “I can resist anything but temptation.” – Oscar Wilde

Question 53

Pathos

Answer 53

a scene or passage in a work evoking great emotion in the audience or reader.

Question 54

Personification

Answer 54

a type of figurative language in which distinctive characteristics, e.g., honesty, joy, etc., are attributed to an animal, object, or idea. Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn’t it so? The wind whispered through dry grass. The flowers danced in the gentle breeze. Time and tide waits for none. The fire swallowed the entire forest.

Question 55

Point of view

Answer 55

from whose perspective the story is being told- such as a character within the story or an omniscient narrator- and what their vantage point is.

Question 56

Pyramid

Answer 56

a graphic design that illustrates the structure of a typical five-act play. - exposition- intro and background information - rising action- events leading up to climax - climax- point of highest dramatic tension or major turning point - falling action- action after the climax leading to the denouement or - catastrophe- the final action that completes the unraveling of the plot.

Question 57

Romanticism

Answer 57

An 18th century movement placing artistic emphasis on imagination and emotion. These works emphasized rebellion against social conventions. ex: Jane Austin

Question 58

Satire

Answer 58

a style of writing that uses humor to criticize people, governments or ideas. The writers intent is usually to correct an injustice or social wrong.

Question 59

Simile

Answer 59

a figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison using the words like, as, than or seems.

Question 60

Soliloquy

Answer 60

a speech delivered by a character as he talks aloud to himself and reveals his state of mind. A soliloquy gives the illusion of being unspoken reflections. A soliloquy is similar in nature to a aside, lines spoken directly to an audience by an actor.

Question 61

Surrealism

Answer 61

expresses thought uncontrolled by logical reasoning or moral codes.

Question 62

Symbolism / symbol

Answer 62

When a writer uses visible objects objects or action to suggest some further meaning.

Question 63

Synecdoche

Answer 63

a figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part. Examples: a prisoner is placed [behind bars], the term [wheels] for automobile. Synecdoche is closely associated with metonymy.

Question 64

Theme

Answer 64

The central idea, topic, message or insight into life revealed through the literary work.

Question 65

Tone

Answer 65

A writers style, attitude or expression toward the subject. A poem or literary work can evoke feelings of love, bitterness, sadness, playfulness, etc. Tone can also refer to the overall mood.

Question 66

Ancient world of literature

Answer 66

-representative of early civilization of man. -many consist of stories involving the conflicting relationship between man and the celestial world of the gods. examples: The Iliad and The Odyssey (Homer) Olde and New Testament of the Bible

Question 67

The Middle Ages

Answer 67

440-1485 The time when civilization evolved and Europe was established. Beowulf (8th century, author unknown) Canterbury Tales (Geoffrey Chaucers, 1340-1400)

Question 68

The English Renaissance Period | BL

Answer 68

``` 1485-1660 The renaissance describes an era during which man desired to recover the classical past of the Greeks and Romans, relished and explored the physical and temporal world, developed a passion for discovery and invention, and developed an interest in gaining personal knowledge and power which often conflicted with existing religious doctrine. Renaissance literature reflected humanistic values. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and Hamlet ```

Question 69

Restoration and Enlightenment Period | BL

Answer 69

1669-1798 The age of enlightenment brought fourth writers and thinkers that redefined God's relationship to the world and mankind. Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin God made man, but man could function independently from God through rational thinking and action. These thinkers believed that man could discover the hidden laws of nature and make the world a better place. Emphasis was places on the separation of church and state and there grew a greater demand for political justice and civil liberty. The 18th century was a relatively peaceful time that supported the growth of the merchant (middle) class and promoted economical growth and trade.

Question 70

The age of Romanticism | BL

Answer 70

1798-1832 Born during a time of revolution throughout the world in areas such as France, China and the United States. Many of the works in this time revealed a romantic protagonist in turmoil that ended with tragic triumph of emotion over reason. Romantic writers believed that seeking one's inner truth and beauty could lead to a deeper connection with others. However, the journey to self-understanding had a melancholy side in that the world often proved to be a place of great suffering and death. Thus, the romantic period involved works of social reality depicting the harsh cruelties of the world. Jane Eyre- Charlotte Bronte Wuthering Heights- Emily Bronte Wildfell Hall- Anne Bronte Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility Jane Austin

Question 71

The Victorian Age | BL

Answer 71

1832-1901 The Victorian age of Great Britain occurred during the height of the British industrial revolution. Time shifted from rural farm life into a more urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. -Mass migration of workers to industrial towns. -Expansion of newspapers and periodical press. -Science grew into the discipline it is today and many people devoted their time to the study of natural history. Great Expectations- Charles Dickens 1812-1870 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland- Lewis Carrol 1832-1898

Question 72

Emerging Modernism Period | BL

Answer 72

1901-1959 - Took place in a time of great upheaval and change. - Before WW1, people considered warfare a right passage for young men. - WW1 brought horror from poison gas, trench warfare and machine guns and caused a high death rate. - Known as the lost generation because of the number of deaths that occurred. - WW2 (1940-1945) brought nuclear weapons, genocide, and massive loss of life that added to people's unrest with existing religious and political doctrines. - People began to question the established beliefs of religion, science and politics. - Science over God George Orwell- Animal Farm

Question 73

Contemporary Era | BL

Answer 73

1950-present -Post WW2 -women and minorities writers are heard as well in response to the social injustices found within the world. 1984 -George Orwell (futuristic, tight control of government)

Question 74

The Colonial Era | AL

Answer 74

1620-1776 - Puritans arrive on Mayflower in 1620 - Much of the literature from the puritans involves the struggle of mankind with sin and salvation. - Plantations and large estates of farmland are established along with slave labor throughout the southern colonies.

Question 75

Early American Era | AL

Answer 75

1776-1830 -Literature from this time reflected pride in the growing young nation. Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson

Question 76

The American Renaissance | AL

Answer 76

1830-1865 -took place during a time of heighten awareness of the American culture and spirit that had been freed from European bondage. The Scarlet Letter- Nathaneil Hawthorne Edgar Allen Poe

Question 77

American Realism | AL

Answer 77

1865-1920 - Took place during a time of great transformation; America was changing from a disaggregated agriculture nation into a modern industrial nation. This era began with the Civil War, a time of conflict over economics and slavery. After the wars devastating effect, the changes during the following 50 years were phenomenal. - Millions moved out west- miners, ranchers, farmers, and the railroad all changed the face of America. - Electricity, barbed wire and mass produced consumer goods. - Huge waves of immigrants into America brought cheap labor for industry. - Child labor - Harsh realities of this time became the subject for the writers of this time. ``` Mark Twain- Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer Fredrick Douglas (experienced both slavery and freedom during his lifetime) ```

Question 78

American Modernism | AL

Answer 78

1913-1945 -As America moved into the 20th century, a sense of optimism was established as industrial strength promised a place of importance among the nations of the world. - WW1, WW2 and an economic great depression - People looked for new ideas to explain the complex experiences of modern life. F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby - Poets of this time presented new forms of writing using strong imagery. - many writers expressed the frustration, loneliness, disconnectedness and spiritual coldness of modern society. Writers of this era often left it up to the reader to infer and interpret the true meaning of their work. -1930s= great depression and drought Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

Question 79

The Contemporary Era | AL

Answer 79

1945-present -Great male writers and female, Asians, hispanics, and native-americans; this multicultural canon of literature reflects the changing values, concerns and complexities in american culture and the modern world. Death of a Salesman- Arthur Miller (1915-2005)

Question 80

African American writers

Answer 80

The Harlem Renassance W.E.B Dubois Marcus Garvey Their Eyes are Watching God-Zora Neale Hurston

Question 81

Hispanic- American writers

Answer 81

Ancestral voices are very much a part of hispanic- american literature today, a tradition harking back more than three centuries that has witnessed a dramatic rebirth in the past generation.

Question 82

Asian-American writers

Answer 82

In the post WW2 era, memoirs were the favored genre with immigrant and first generation Asian-American writers.

Question 83

Adjective

Answer 83

Quality | Soft, warm, fuzzy, excited

Question 84

Predicate

Answer 84

Action in a sentence

Question 85

Syntax

Answer 85

The way a sentence is structured.

Question 86

Diction

Answer 86

The use of words in a sentence.

Question 87

Idiom

Answer 87

An expression used rant doesn't actually mean what it says (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light ). Time flies Cat got your tongue Over the hill