Chapter 6/6 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Deindustrialization
1) decline in the manufacturing sector of the economy and a decrease in the supply of secure, well-paid, blue-collar, manual-labor jobs,
2) an expansion in the service and information-based sectors of the economy and an increase in the relative proportion of white-collar and “high-tech” jobs.
- the shift from a manufacturing economy to a service-oriented, information-processing economy.
modern institutional discrimination
a more subtle and covert form of institutional discrimination.
rigid competitive group
- minority-group members are freer to compete for jobs and other valued commodities with dominant-group members, especially those in the lower-class segments.
- competition increases, the threatened members of the dominant group become more hostile, and attacks on the minority groups tend to increase.
- of group relations is one in which the dominant group seeks to exclude the minority group or limit its ability to compete for scarce resources.
Reconstruction
- brief respite in the long history of oppression and exploitation of African Americans.
- followed the Civil War and lasted from 1865 until the 1880s. Many racial reforms were instituted during this time, but all were reversed during the Jim Crow era.
Fifteenth amendment
the right to vote cannot be denied on the grounds of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Contact hypothesis
contact hypothesis says that for prejudice to decrease, four conditions need to be maximized: (1) equal status between groups including resources and prestige; (2) common goals; (3) cooperation and significant, meaningful interaction between groups that occurs in an atmosphere free from threat or competition; and (4) support from authority, law, or custom.
De jure segregation
- minority group is physically and socially separated from the dominant group and consigned to an inferior position in virtually every area of social life.
- racial segregation that is institutionalized in local and state law.
Jim Crow system
- The Jim Crow system was the system of rigid competitive race relations in the American South that lasted from the 1880s until the 1960s.
- some courtrooms maintained separate Bibles for African American witnesses to swear on
13th amendment
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”
Sharecropping
sharecropping in which former slaves would work the land in return for “shares” of profit once the crop was sold.
Plessy v. Ferguson
it was constitutional for states to require separate facilities (schools, parks, etc.) for African Americans as long as the separate facilities were fully equal.
Bureaucracies
Bureaucracies are large-scale, impersonal, formal organizations that run “by the book.”
They are governed by rules and regulations (i.e., “red tape”) and are “rational” in that they attempt to find the most efficient ways to accomplish their tasks.
Extractive (or primary) occupations
those that produce raw materials, such as food and agricultural products, minerals, and timber. The jobs in this sector often involve unskilled manual labor, require little formal education, and are generally low paying.
Manufacturing (or secondary) occupations
transform raw materials into finished products ready for sale in the marketplace. Like jobs in the extractive sector, these blue-collar jobs involve manual labor, but they tend to require higher levels of skill and are more highly rewarded. Examples of occupations in this sector include the assembly line jobs that transform steel, rubber, plastic, and other materials into finished automobiles.
Service (or tertiary) occupations
do not produce “things”; rather, they provide services. As urbanization increased and self-sufficiency decreased, opportunities for work in this sector grew. Examples of tertiary occupations include police officer, clerk, waiter, teacher, nurse, doctor, and cabdriver.
primary labor market
includes jobs usually located in large, bureaucratic organizations. These positions offer higher pay, more security, better opportunities for advancement, health and retirement benefits, and other amenities. Entry requirements include college degrees, even when people with fewer years of schooling could competently perform the work.
secondary labor market,
sometimes called the competitive market, includes low-paying, low-skilled, insecure jobs. Many of these jobs are in the service sector. They do not represent a career, per se, and offer little opportunity for promotion or upward mobility. Very often, they do not offer health or retirement benefits, have high rates of turnover, and are part-time, seasonal, or temporary.
fluid competitive systems
In fluid competitive systems of group relations, minority-group members are freer to compete for jobs and other scarce resources.
past-in-present institutional discrimination,
involves patterns of inequality or unequal treatment in the present that are caused by some pattern of discrimination in the past.
affirmative action,
Affirmative action refers to programs that are intended to reduce the effects of past discrimination or increase diversity in workplaces and schools.
disparate impact.
if a practice has unequal results, federal policy and court precedents tend to assume that the practice is racially biased.
Civil Rights Movement
multifaceted campaign to end legalized segregation and ameliorate the massive inequalities faced by African Americans.
Brown v. Board of education of Topeka
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered the single most powerful blow to de jure segregation
- They reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 and ruled that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.
- Segregated school systems—and all other forms of legalized racial segregation—would have to end.
- The landmark Brown decision was the culmination of decades of planning and effort by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Rosa parks
Parks had been active in the fight for equal rights as a member of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP.
Just months before her arrest, Parks attended a desegregation workshop at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee
