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Anatomical Structure and Function > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral, column, ribs, sternum

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper extremity (UE) and pectoral girdle
bones of lower extremity (LE) and pelvic girdle
126 bones

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3
Q

cranial bones

A

fused bones joined by sutures

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4
Q

foramina

A

tiny holes in skull

-allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through

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5
Q

sinuses

A

empty spaces
decreases weight of skull
add resonance to voice

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6
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone
attachment for muscle of mastification (chewing muscles)
tmj
mandibular condyle and temporal bones

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7
Q

vertebral column

A 
33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
4 coccygeal (fused)
5 sacrum (fused)
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8
Q

vertebrae separated by…

A

intervertebral discs

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9
Q

intervertebral discs do what?

A
  • absorb shock

- allow bending

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10
Q

functions of spinal column

A

support skull and trunk
protects spinal cord
absorb stress
-provide attachment for limbs, thoracic cage and postural muscles

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11
Q

shape

A

C shaped at birth

slightly S shaped after age 3

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12
Q

lordosis

A

lumbar

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13
Q

kyphosis (hunch back)

A

throacic

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14
Q

vertebra foramen

A

allows spinal cord to pass

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15
Q

spinous process

A

posterior projection

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16
Q

transverse process

A

lateral projection

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17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

first 7,
smallest and lightest
first 2 know as atlas (c1) and axis (c2)

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18
Q

axis (c2)

A

contains dens
odontoid process
pivot point for atlas

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19
Q

atlas (c1)

A

articulates with occipital bone

rotates on axis

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20
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A 
12 (T1-T12)
larger than cervical
articulate with ribs
spinous process longer, slope downward
ribs articulate with facets on the transverse process
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21
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A 
5 (L1-L5)
thick, heavy bodies
major support-lot of stress, weight
spinous process large and blunt
-large surface area for muscle attachment
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22
Q

sacrum

A

5, fused
posterior wall of pelvic girdle
anterior and posterior sacral foramina
-allow for blood vessel and nerve passage

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23
Q

coccyx (tailbone)

A 
most inferior (closest to foot) part of vertebral column
3-5 fused vertebrae, most common 4
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24
Q

sternum

A

breastbone
manubrium- T shaped, articulates with first 2 pairs of ribs
larger middle segment
xiphoid process- small inferior portion (cartilage)

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25
ribs
12 pairs 1-7 true ribs- true connection through costal cartilage 8-12 false ribs- attachment by cartilage by superior ribs last 2- floating ribs (no ant. attachment)
26
pectoral girdle
2 clavicles-"collar bone" | 2 scapulae-"shoulder blades"
27
lateral clavicle
articulates with acromion process of scapula
28
medial clavicle
articulates with sternum/manubrium
29
scapulae
does NOT articulate with axial skeleton directly spine runs on posterior surface -glenoid cavity on lateral margin and articulates with humeral head -coracoid(shoulder) process projects anteriorly under clavicle
30
humerous
round head that fits into glenoid cavity greater and lesser tubercules- muscle attachments intertubercular (bicipital) groove deltoid tuberosity-deltoid attachment two distal condyles- trochlea and capitulum
31
olecranon
-coronoid fossa- depression between epicondyles receives coronoid process of ulna (flexion) -olecranon fossa- posterior depression receives the olecranon process of ulna (extension)
32
radius
proximal- radial head articulates with captiulum (humerous) - allows hand to rotate - pronation/supination
33
ulna
proximal end form olecranon process- elbow trochlear notch articulates with trochlea (humerous) radial notch accommodates radial head distal end head of ulna articulates with radius
34
carpals (hand)
8 wrist bones, proximal
35
metacarpals (hand)
5 bones of the hand, middle
36
phalanges (hand)
bones of the fingers, distal
37
pelvic girdle
``` two coxal bones (hip bones) articulates with sacrum posteriorly -sacroiliac joint (SI joint) articulate with each other anteriorly -pubic symphysis ```
38
female pelvic bone
light wider, oval pelvic opening angle>90 deg acetabulum faces more anterior
39
male pelvic bone
heavier narrow/ heart shaped opening angle <90 acetabulum faces laterally
40
coxal bones
``` formed by 3 fused bones illium ischium pubis joint at acetabulum ```
41
femur
longest, strongest proximal- head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter head of femur fits into acetabulum distal- epicondyles and condyles
42
linea aspera
attachment for adductor muscles
43
patella
encased in quadriceps tendon | -sesamoid bone
44
tibia
weight bearing bone proximal- lateral and medial condyles -articulates with femur tibial tuberosity: attachment for patellar tendon distal-medial malleolus (ankle bone, inside) -articulates with talus
45
fibula
proximal- head articulates with tibia NOT part of knee joint distal- lateral malleolus -articulates with tibia and talus
46
tarsals
``` 7 bones calcaneus- heel talus-ankle articulates with tibia and fibula above articulates with calcaneus below ```
47
metatarsals (foot)
5, support instep
48
phalanges (foot)
toes proximal, middle, distal great toe, (hallax) proximal and distal only
49
arches (foot)
medial and lateral (longitudinal) | transverse
50
articulations
made up of - fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints - synovial joints
51
fibrous joints
no movement- synarthrosis separated by thin layer of fibrous connective tissue sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses -skull joint by sutures -radius and ulna joined by interosseous membrane -teeth joined to jaw bones by gomphoses
52
synarthrosis
immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
53
sutures
seamlike immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull
54
syndesmoses
immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue -e.g., between the fibula and tibia at the ankle
55
gomphoses
fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint
56
cartilaginous joints
some movement- amphiarthrosis separated by small layer of cartilage -pubic symphysis -intervertebral discs
57
synovial joints
lots of movement- diarthosis joint bound by articular capsule moveable, more likely to injure
58
ligaments
bone to bone
59
tendons
muscle to bone
60
synovial membrane lines capsules
secretes synovial fluid-- lubricating joints
61
synovial membrane lines capsules
secretes synovial fluid-- lubricating joints
62
ball and socket
shoulder multi-axial greatest degree of freedom/movement rotational in any plane
63
condyloid joint
biaxial movement in 2 planes- side to side, back and forth carpals, radius/ulna concave/convex
64
saddle joint
biaxial convex/concave movement side to side, back and forth *****THUMB*****
65
gliding joint
biaxial articulate surfaces that are flat or slightly curved slide over one surface carpal bones, tarsal, clavicle/scapula
66
hinge joint
monoaxial | elbow, knee, fingers
67
pivot joint
monoaxial atlas on axis radius/ulna
68
wolf's law (fractures)
higher stress- stronger bone (increase diameter of bone) | lower stress- weaker bone
69
rickets
weakening of femur, tibia, and fibula in children | caused by diet deficiency
70
osteoporosis
``` weakening of bones lack of Ca+ increased risk of fracture common in elderly -decreased hormone production -lack of activity ```
71
athritis
inflammation, swelling, pain within joint capsule
72
rheumatoid arthritis
auto immune (genetic) 75% primarily women helped by exercise
73
osteoarthritis
most common | wear and tear
74
herniated disk (dislocation)
intervertebral disk protrudes past vertebra
75
sprain
stretching/ tearing of ligament at a joint
76
bone diameter can _____ throughout life?
grow
77
_________ ____ has to stay open for longitudinal bone growth to continue
epiphyseal plates
78
osteoBLASTS
cells that form NEW bone
79
osteoCLASTS
cells that resorb OLD bone
80
bone is composed of
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water 60%-70% calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate 25%-30% water
81
collagen provides what in the bone?
some flexibility and strength in resisting tension | aging increases brittleness
82
most outer bone is what?
cortical with cancellous underneath
83
cortical bone
low porosity more stiff can withstand greater stress, less strain than cancellous
84
cancellous
spongy high porosity undergo greater strain before fracturing
85
diaphysis
long, cylindrical shaft | ends of long bones formed from cancellous bone
86
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

Anatomical Structure and Function (7 decks)

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