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Chapter 6 Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

what is somatosensation?

A

sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

what is somatosensation 2 ? what type of sensations?

A

information from the skin is superficial, touch pain temperature, or cutaneous

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3
Q

information from the musculoskeletal system includes what types of information?

A

proprioception and pain

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4
Q

how does information in the somatosensory system go?

A

from the receptor, through a series of neurons to the brain

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5
Q

what determines the speed of information processing?

A

diameter of the axons
degree of axonal myelination
number of synapses in the pathway

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6
Q

is there a distinction between sensory information and sensation?

A

YES.

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7
Q

what is sensory information?

A

nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli

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8
Q

what is sensation?

A

awareness of stimuli from the senses.

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9
Q

what are sensory receptors?

A

specialized and they respond only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus and under NORMAL conditions

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10
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch or vibration

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11
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

they are substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection

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12
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

they transmit information regarding heat or cold

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13
Q

what are nociceptors

A

they are a subset of somatosensory receptors

the stimulation results in the sensation of PAIN

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14
Q

what are somatosensory peripheral neurons? how many axons?

A

peripheral sensory neurons have two axons

distal and proximal

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15
Q

how are the afferent somatosensory peripheral neurons classified?

A

by axon diameter…

Ia, Ib, II, or Ab Ad C

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16
Q

do larger diameter axons tramsit information faster or slower than smaller diameter axons

A

FASTER

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17
Q

How does cutaneous innervation work?

A

areas of skin innervated by each neuron are indicated ont he surface of the skin.

size of the area from a single neuron determines how specificly someone can pinpoint small touches.

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18
Q

WHere are receptive fields smaller in the body?

A

distally

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19
Q

where are receptor fields larger in the body?

A

proximally

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20
Q

why are distal receptive fields smaller?

A

because they have a greater density of receptors than proximal areas

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21
Q

what are two ways to categorize touch

A

fine or coarse

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22
Q

what is fine touch?

A

fine touch includes a variety of receptors and subsensations

23
Q

what is coarse touch?

A

it is mediated by free endings throuhout the skin

24
Q

what do cutaneous receptors respond to?

A
touch
pressure
vibration
stretch
noxious
stimuli
temperature
25
what are muscle spindles?
sensory organs in muscle
26
what does a muscle spindle include?
y efferents nuclear chain fibers nuclear bag fibers primary and secondary endings
27
how is sensory information conveyed to the CNS from muscles?
by Ia and II afferents
28
what allows efferent control of intrafusal fibers?
gamma motor neurons
29
What are golgi tendon organs and joint receptors??
Sensation???? free nerve endings and pacinoiform corpuscles and ruffini endings??/
30
what do muscle spindles respond to?
quick and prolonged stretches of the muscles
31
what do tendon organs do?
signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon
32
what do joint receptors do?
respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments
33
what is high fidelity transmission?
provides accurate details regarding the location of the stimulation
34
when talking about pathways what do we consider?
only neurons with long axons that connect distant regions of the nervous system *projection neurons* are counted
35
what is a tract?
a bundle of axons with the same origin and common termination
36
how are somatosensory pathways named?
their origin and termination of the tract that contains the second neuron in the series
37
what are the tree types of pathways that bring sensory information to the brain?
concious relay divergent unconcious relay
38
what is concious relay pathway?
transmit information to many locations in the brainstem, and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons
39
is information in conscious relay pathways transmittedwith high or low fidelity?
high fidelity
40
what do conscious relay pathways allow individuals to do?
make fine distinctions about stimuli
41
what are divergent pathways?
information is transmitted to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons sensory information is used at both the concious and unconcious levels
42
what is an example of a divergent pathway?
aching pain
43
what is unconcious relay pathway?
unconcious proprioceptive and other movement related information carried to the cerebellum information plays an essential role in automatic adjustments of movements and posture
44
what are concious relay pathways to the cerebral cortex?
all four types of somatosensation reach concious awareness
45
pathways to consciousness travel upward in the spinal cord via two routes. what are these two routes?
dorsal columns | anterolateral tracts
46
what is discriminative touch ?
discrimitive touch is the localization of touch and vibration and the ability to discriminate between two closely spaced points touching the skin
47
what is conscious prorioception?
the awareness of the movements and relative position of body parts
48
what is stereognosis?
the ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object, for example a key in the hand but you dont look at it but you know its a key
49
what is the patway for discriminitive touch and conscious prorpiception look like?
three neuron relay
50
what are they tree neurons in the three neuron reyal for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception?
primary secondary and tertiary
51
what do primary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?
conveys information from the receptors to the medulla
52
what do secondary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?
convey information from the medulla to the thalamus
53
what do tertiary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?
convey information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
54
stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides
stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides may com eback