Chapter 6

Question 1

what is somatosensation?

Answer 1

sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system

Question 2

what is somatosensation 2 ? what type of sensations?

Answer 2

information from the skin is superficial, touch pain temperature, or cutaneous

Question 3

information from the musculoskeletal system includes what types of information?

Answer 3

proprioception and pain

Question 4

how does information in the somatosensory system go?

Answer 4

from the receptor, through a series of neurons to the brain

Question 5

what determines the speed of information processing?

Answer 5

diameter of the axons
degree of axonal myelination
number of synapses in the pathway

Question 6

is there a distinction between sensory information and sensation?

Answer 6

YES.

Question 7

what is sensory information?

Answer 7

nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli

Question 8

what is sensation?

Answer 8

awareness of stimuli from the senses.

Question 9

what are sensory receptors?

Answer 9

specialized and they respond only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus and under NORMAL conditions

Question 10

what are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 10

respond to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch or vibration

Question 11

what are chemoreceptors?

Answer 11

they are substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection

Question 12

what are thermoreceptors?

Answer 12

they transmit information regarding heat or cold

Question 13

what are nociceptors

Answer 13

they are a subset of somatosensory receptors

the stimulation results in the sensation of PAIN

Question 14

what are somatosensory peripheral neurons? how many axons?

Answer 14

peripheral sensory neurons have two axons

distal and proximal

Question 15

how are the afferent somatosensory peripheral neurons classified?

Answer 15

by axon diameter…

Ia, Ib, II, or Ab Ad C

Question 16

do larger diameter axons tramsit information faster or slower than smaller diameter axons

Answer 16

FASTER

Question 17

How does cutaneous innervation work?

Answer 17

areas of skin innervated by each neuron are indicated ont he surface of the skin.

size of the area from a single neuron determines how specificly someone can pinpoint small touches.

Question 18

WHere are receptive fields smaller in the body?

Answer 18

distally

Question 19

where are receptor fields larger in the body?

Answer 19

proximally

Question 20

why are distal receptive fields smaller?

Answer 20

because they have a greater density of receptors than proximal areas

Question 21

what are two ways to categorize touch

Answer 21

fine or coarse

Question 22

what is fine touch?

Answer 22

fine touch includes a variety of receptors and subsensations

Question 23

what is coarse touch?

Answer 23

it is mediated by free endings throuhout the skin

Question 24

what do cutaneous receptors respond to?

Answer 24

touch
pressure
vibration
stretch
noxious
stimuli
temperature

Question 25

what are muscle spindles?

Answer 25

sensory organs in muscle

Question 26

what does a muscle spindle include?

Answer 26

y efferents nuclear chain fibers nuclear bag fibers primary and secondary endings

Question 27

how is sensory information conveyed to the CNS from muscles?

Answer 27

by Ia and II afferents

Question 28

what allows efferent control of intrafusal fibers?

Answer 28

gamma motor neurons

Question 29

What are golgi tendon organs and joint receptors??

Answer 29

Sensation???? free nerve endings and pacinoiform corpuscles and ruffini endings??/

Question 30

what do muscle spindles respond to?

Answer 30

quick and prolonged stretches of the muscles

Question 31

what do tendon organs do?

Answer 31

signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon

Question 32

what do joint receptors do?

Answer 32

respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments

Question 33

what is high fidelity transmission?

Answer 33

provides accurate details regarding the location of the stimulation

Question 34

when talking about pathways what do we consider?

Answer 34

only neurons with long axons that connect distant regions of the nervous system *projection neurons* are counted

Question 35

what is a tract?

Answer 35

a bundle of axons with the same origin and common termination

Question 36

how are somatosensory pathways named?

Answer 36

their origin and termination of the tract that contains the second neuron in the series

Question 37

what are the tree types of pathways that bring sensory information to the brain?

Answer 37

concious relay divergent unconcious relay

Question 38

what is concious relay pathway?

Answer 38

transmit information to many locations in the brainstem, and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons

Question 39

is information in conscious relay pathways transmittedwith high or low fidelity?

Answer 39

high fidelity

Question 40

what do conscious relay pathways allow individuals to do?

Answer 40

make fine distinctions about stimuli

Question 41

what are divergent pathways?

Answer 41

information is transmitted to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons sensory information is used at both the concious and unconcious levels

Question 42

what is an example of a divergent pathway?

Answer 42

aching pain

Question 43

what is unconcious relay pathway?

Answer 43

unconcious proprioceptive and other movement related information carried to the cerebellum information plays an essential role in automatic adjustments of movements and posture

Question 44

what are concious relay pathways to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 44

all four types of somatosensation reach concious awareness

Question 45

pathways to consciousness travel upward in the spinal cord via two routes. what are these two routes?

Answer 45

dorsal columns | anterolateral tracts

Question 46

what is discriminative touch ?

Answer 46

discrimitive touch is the localization of touch and vibration and the ability to discriminate between two closely spaced points touching the skin

Question 47

what is conscious prorioception?

Answer 47

the awareness of the movements and relative position of body parts

Question 48

what is stereognosis?

Answer 48

the ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object, for example a key in the hand but you dont look at it but you know its a key

Question 49

what is the patway for discriminitive touch and conscious prorpiception look like?

Answer 49

three neuron relay

Question 50

what are they tree neurons in the three neuron reyal for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception?

Answer 50

primary secondary and tertiary

Question 51

what do primary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

Answer 51

conveys information from the receptors to the medulla

Question 52

what do secondary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

Answer 52

convey information from the medulla to the thalamus

Question 53

what do tertiary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

Answer 53

convey information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Question 54

stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides

Answer 54

stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides may com eback