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Ling 160 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

In monolingual communties members use language variation based on:

A

Gender, social status, Ethnicity, social networks, age

-this constructs different aspects of their social identity

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2
Q

Some examples of the scope of variation

A
  • No two people speak alike

- Sound spectographs (sound waves are a visual representation

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3
Q

International Varieties sounds

A

The word dad
US English: Dad
Newzeland: Dead

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4
Q

Iternational Varieties Vocab

A

Austrailains: Sole Partents
English: Single Parents

South African: robot
British: traffic light

US English vs British English 
Elevator VS lift
trunk VS Boot 
Diaper VS nappy 
eraser VS rubber
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5
Q

International Varieties Morphology

A
  • He dived in head first: British

- He dove in head first: US

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6
Q

International Varieties Grammar

A 
US English Do you have a lighter 
-gotte
-did you eat
British English Have you got 
-got
-have you eaten
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7
Q

Intra-national or Intra Continental Variation

A

Duble Modal: (Might could) Southern US, Geordie

Duble Negative: (needs dumped) (couldn’t do nothing) AAVE, Scottish, Southern US

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8
Q

England dialects

A

Scouse (liverpool)
Cockney (London)
Georidie (Tyneside)
Brummy (Birmingham)

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9
Q

Regional Variation in US: 3 Main Dialect Regions

A

1) Northern
2) Midland
3) Southern

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10
Q

Regional Variation Australia and New Zeland

A
  • Less Regional Variation
  • greater differences among the Maori dialect than within English
  • longer settlement and more restricted means of communication between people from different Maori tribes before European settlement. Therefore greater variation than English
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11
Q

Isoglosses

A
  • Maps the different words/pronunciation of a sound in a given word
  • the word people use for the same object/concept
  • boundairies lines are called isoglosses
  • some webs thicker because a number of boundaries between features coincide
  • some areas may use the same vocabulary but pronunciation of words varies
  • defining linguistics not straightforward
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12
Q

Language chains in Europe

A

1) Dialects of German, Dutch, Flemish (from a chain in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium
2) Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian

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13
Q

Scandinavian Chain

A

Norwegian Swedish, Danish

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14
Q

Language socio-linguistics definition

A
  • A collection of dialects linguistically similar
  • used by different social groups who choose to say they’re speakers of one language
  • functions to unite and separate them from other groups
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15
Q

Social Dialects/Regional Dialects

A

common features in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation for speakers of the same social group
and geographical area of regional

MAY HAVE SIMILAR
-residential area, education, occupation, income

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16
Q

Accent Variation

A 
Highest class RP is the least variation less than 5%
Lowest class (most localized) the most variation
17
Q

What is the RP

A

Received pronunciation in England, most prestigious members of English society

  • social accent no regional
  • conceals speakers regional origins
18
Q

Levelling

A

reducing accent or dialect variation. Ex/ ‘Estuary English ‘

19
Q

Dialect Variation

A 
Highest class is the standard dialect ex/ standard English limited amount of variation 
lower class non standard vernacular has more variation
20
Q

Vernacular dialects

A

tend to be learned at home
valued by their users and express solitary and effective meaning
not inferior just different

21
Q

Standard English Accents

A

Many accents

Standard English: British, American, Canadian, Australian, NewZeland

22
Q

Caste Dialects

A

linguistic varieties grouped together based on social and economic factors
-they use different social dialects ex/ India and Indonesia
-strict social rules which govern the behaviour appropriate for each group
rules from brith job, marriage, food, dress, behaviour, speech

23
Q

Caste Dialect: Javanese in Indonesia (3 Groups)

A

1) Dialect of the lowest social status group 1,1a,2
2) The dialect of Urbanized people 2,3,3a
3) The dialect of highly educated highest status 1,1z,1b,3,3a

-particular combination of styles

24
Q

Caste Dialects social class

A

a group of people with similar

  • economic and social status
  • differences in social prestige, wealth, and education separate groups
  • social class and language patterns
25
Q

U speakers and Non U speakers

A

U speakers- sitting room, lavatory
non U speakers- lounge, toilet
you either use the U term or you don’t

26
Q

H- Dropping

A

upper middle class: had the least number of dropped “h”

Lower/working class: the most dropped “h”

27
Q

Studying Ing VS in

A

choice of ing VS in had to do with gender and class

  • personality
  • speakers mood
  • formality of conversation
  • type of verb
28
Q

Labov’s Pioneering New York City Study

A
  • sociolinguistic interview
  • elicted a range of speech styes from 120 people of different social backgrounds
  • studied ing versus in
  • correlation with standard vs vernacular
  • Distinguished social groups in every English-Speaking community
29
Q

Labovs Technique in Department Store

A

-where are women’s shoes?
-fourth floor
-Excuse me, what floor is this?
Asked shop assistant on every floor, twice
-presence or absence of post valic ‘r’
-found correlation between this variable and social class
-Results: 50% of socially superior supervisors
-18% of less statusful people and rarely used by stock boys

30
Q

French in Montreal Social groups dropping of negative ‘ne’

A 
il personal used mostly by working class
il Impersonal used 100% by working class 
elle She used 80% by working class only 30% by professional
31
Q

Social Differences and Language Use

A

-Social differences and differences in language use are visible in childhood
prescriptively wrong, but used across regional dialects even in children speech:
I finish that book yesterday

32
Q

Multiple Negation

A 
Most English vernaculars have 2 or more negatives 
-almost no double negatives in middle class all lower class
33
Q

Social Stratification

A

sharp division between language users

34
Q

Unstable Variation

A

fine stratification or language use between social classes

unstable variation

35
Q

Methods of Sociolinguistic data collection

A

Rapid and Anonymous survey-lots info quickly, not specific details about participants
Street interview- gives gender and age, but not sociolinguistic background
Sociolinguistics Interview- wide range of background info, takes much longer

Ling 160 (4 decks)

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