Chapter 6

Question 1

In monolingual communties members use language variation based on:

Answer 1

Gender, social status, Ethnicity, social networks, age

-this constructs different aspects of their social identity

Question 2

Some examples of the scope of variation

Answer 2

• No two people speak alike

- Sound spectographs (sound waves are a visual representation

Question 3

International Varieties sounds

Answer 3

The word dad
US English: Dad
Newzeland: Dead

Question 4

Iternational Varieties Vocab

Answer 4

Austrailains: Sole Partents
English: Single Parents

South African: robot
British: traffic light

US English vs British English 
Elevator VS lift
trunk VS Boot 
Diaper VS nappy 
eraser VS rubber

Question 5

International Varieties Morphology

Answer 5

• He dived in head first: British

- He dove in head first: US

Question 6

International Varieties Grammar

Answer 6

US English Do you have a lighter 
-gotte
-did you eat
British English Have you got 
-got
-have you eaten

Question 7

Intra-national or Intra Continental Variation

Answer 7

Duble Modal: (Might could) Southern US, Geordie

Duble Negative: (needs dumped) (couldn’t do nothing) AAVE, Scottish, Southern US

Question 8

England dialects

Answer 8

Scouse (liverpool)
Cockney (London)
Georidie (Tyneside)
Brummy (Birmingham)

Question 9

Regional Variation in US: 3 Main Dialect Regions

Answer 9

1) Northern
2) Midland
3) Southern

Question 10

Regional Variation Australia and New Zeland

Answer 10

• Less Regional Variation
• greater differences among the Maori dialect than within English
• longer settlement and more restricted means of communication between people from different Maori tribes before European settlement. Therefore greater variation than English

Question 11

Isoglosses

Answer 11

• Maps the different words/pronunciation of a sound in a given word
• the word people use for the same object/concept
• boundairies lines are called isoglosses
• some webs thicker because a number of boundaries between features coincide
• some areas may use the same vocabulary but pronunciation of words varies
• defining linguistics not straightforward

Question 12

Language chains in Europe

Answer 12

1) Dialects of German, Dutch, Flemish (from a chain in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium
2) Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian

Question 13

Scandinavian Chain

Answer 13

Norwegian Swedish, Danish

Question 14

Language socio-linguistics definition

Answer 14

• A collection of dialects linguistically similar
• used by different social groups who choose to say they’re speakers of one language
• functions to unite and separate them from other groups

Question 15

Social Dialects/Regional Dialects

Answer 15

common features in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation for speakers of the same social group
and geographical area of regional

MAY HAVE SIMILAR
-residential area, education, occupation, income

Question 16

Accent Variation

Answer 16

Highest class RP is the least variation less than 5%
Lowest class (most localized) the most variation

Question 17

What is the RP

Answer 17

Received pronunciation in England, most prestigious members of English society

• social accent no regional
• conceals speakers regional origins

Question 18

Levelling

Answer 18

reducing accent or dialect variation. Ex/ ‘Estuary English ‘

Question 19

Dialect Variation

Answer 19

Highest class is the standard dialect ex/ standard English limited amount of variation 
lower class non standard vernacular has more variation

Question 20

Vernacular dialects

Answer 20

tend to be learned at home
valued by their users and express solitary and effective meaning
not inferior just different

Question 21

Standard English Accents

Answer 21

Many accents

Standard English: British, American, Canadian, Australian, NewZeland

Question 22

Caste Dialects

Answer 22

linguistic varieties grouped together based on social and economic factors
-they use different social dialects ex/ India and Indonesia
-strict social rules which govern the behaviour appropriate for each group
rules from brith job, marriage, food, dress, behaviour, speech

Question 23

Caste Dialect: Javanese in Indonesia (3 Groups)

Answer 23

1) Dialect of the lowest social status group 1,1a,2
2) The dialect of Urbanized people 2,3,3a
3) The dialect of highly educated highest status 1,1z,1b,3,3a

-particular combination of styles

Question 24

Caste Dialects social class

Answer 24

a group of people with similar

• economic and social status
• differences in social prestige, wealth, and education separate groups
• social class and language patterns

Question 25

U speakers and Non U speakers

Answer 25

U speakers- sitting room, lavatory non U speakers- lounge, toilet you either use the U term or you don't

Question 26

H- Dropping

Answer 26

upper middle class: had the least number of dropped "h" | Lower/working class: the most dropped "h"

Question 27

Studying Ing VS in

Answer 27

choice of ing VS in had to do with gender and class - personality - speakers mood - formality of conversation - type of verb

Question 28

Labov's Pioneering New York City Study

Answer 28

- sociolinguistic interview - elicted a range of speech styes from 120 people of different social backgrounds - studied ing versus in - correlation with standard vs vernacular - Distinguished social groups in every English-Speaking community

Question 29

Labovs Technique in Department Store

Answer 29

-where are women's shoes? -fourth floor -Excuse me, what floor is this? Asked shop assistant on every floor, twice -presence or absence of post valic 'r' -found correlation between this variable and social class -Results: 50% of socially superior supervisors -18% of less statusful people and rarely used by stock boys

Question 30

French in Montreal Social groups dropping of negative 'ne'

Answer 30

``` il personal used mostly by working class il Impersonal used 100% by working class elle She used 80% by working class only 30% by professional ```

Question 31

Social Differences and Language Use

Answer 31

-Social differences and differences in language use are visible in childhood prescriptively wrong, but used across regional dialects even in children speech: I finish that book yesterday

Question 32

Multiple Negation

Answer 32

``` Most English vernaculars have 2 or more negatives -almost no double negatives in middle class all lower class ```

Question 33

Social Stratification

Answer 33

sharp division between language users

Question 34

Unstable Variation

Answer 34

fine stratification or language use between social classes | unstable variation

Question 35

Methods of Sociolinguistic data collection

Answer 35

Rapid and Anonymous survey-lots info quickly, not specific details about participants Street interview- gives gender and age, but not sociolinguistic background Sociolinguistics Interview- wide range of background info, takes much longer