Chapter 6 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
acetabulum
A
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
2
Q
acromioclavicular joint
A
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
3
Q
acromion process
A
the highest portion of the shoulder
4
Q
alveoli
A
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
5
Q
anatomy
A
the study of body structure
6
Q
aorta
A
the largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation
7
Q
appendix
A
a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation, called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain
8
Q
arteriole
A
the smallest kind of artery
9
Q
artery
A
any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
10
Q
atria(atrium)
A
the two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs)
11
Q
automaticity
A
the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
12
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions
13
Q
bladder
A
the round, saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
14
Q
blood pressure
A
the pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured
15
Q
brachial artery
A
artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR
16
Q
bronchi(bronchus)
A
the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi
17
Q
buffer system
A
a system that helps manage the pH of the body to maintain it at a normal level
18
Q
calcaneus
A
the heel bone
19
Q
capillary
A
a thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place
20
Q
cardiac conduction system
A
a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
21
Q
cardiac muscle
A
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
22
Q
cardiovascular system
A
the system made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular). Sometimes called the circulatory system
23
Q
carotid arteries
A
the large neck arteries, one on ach side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head
24
Q
carpals
A
the wrist bones
25
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord
26
central pulses
the carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body
27
clavicle
the collarbone
28
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)
29
cranium
the top, back, and sides of the skull
30
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
31
dermis
the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis
32
diaphragm
the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; a major muscle of respiration
33
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
34
digestive system
system by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down, into absorbable forms
35
dorsalis pedis artery
artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
36
endocrine system
system of glands that produce chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions
37
epidermis
the outer layer of skin
38
epiglottis
a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
39
epinephrine
a hormone produced by the body. As a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
40
exhalation
a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs
41
femoral artery
the major artery supplying the leg
42
femur
the large bone of the thigh
43
fibula
the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
44
gallbladder
a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
45
humerus
the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow
46
hypoperfusion
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients; a life-threatening condition. Also called shock
47
ilium
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
48
inhalation
an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs
49
insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics
50
involuntary muscle
muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
51
ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
52
joint
the point where two bones come together
53
kidneys
organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body
54
large intestine
the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body
55
larynx
the voice box
56
ligament
tissue that connects bone to bone
57
liver
the largest organ of the body, which produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body
58
lungs
the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place
59
lymphatic
system the system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system
60
malleolus
protrusion on the side of the ankle. The lateral malleolus, at the lower end of the fibula, is seen on the outer ankle; the medial malleolus, at the lower end of thetibia, is seen on the inner ankle
61
mandible
the lower jawbone
62
manubrium
the superior portion of the sternum
63
maxillae
the two fused bones forming the upper jaw
64
metacarpals
the hand bones
65
metatarsals
the foot bones
66
muscle
tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part
67
musculoskeletal system
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
68
nasal bones
the nose bones
69
nasopharynx
the area directly posterior to the nose
70
nervous system
the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that governs sensation, movement, and thought
71
orbits
the bony structures around the eyes; the eye sockets
72
oropharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth
73
ovaries
egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system
74
pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine
75
patella
the kneecap
76
pelvis
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
77
penis
the organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm
78
perfusion
the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
79
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
80
peripheral pulses
the radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body
81
phalanges
the toe bones and finger bones
82
pharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. It is made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
83
physiology
the study of body function
84
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood.
85
platelets
components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
86
posterior tibial artery
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
87
pubis
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
88
pulmonary arteries
the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
89
pulmonary veins
the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
90
pulse
the rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
91
radial artery
artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist
92
radius
the lateral bone of the forearm
93
red blood cells
components of the blood. They carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells
94
renal system
the body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system
95
reproductive system
the body system that is responsible for human reproduction
96
respiration
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells
97
respiratory system
the system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide
98
scapula
the shoulder blade
99
shock
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients; a life-threatening condition. Also called shock hypoperfusion
100
skeleton
the bones of the body
101
skin
the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
102
skull
the bony structure of the head
103
small intestine
the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, that receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls
104
spleen
an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
105
sternum
the breastbone
106
stomach
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
107
subcutaneous layers
the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
108
systolic blood pressure
the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
109
tarsals
the ankle bones
110
tendon
tissue that connects muscle to bone
111
testes
the male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm
112
thorax
the chest
113
thyroid cartilage
the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple
114
tibia
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
115
torso
the trunk of the body; the body without the head and the extremities
116
trachea
the “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
117
ulna
the medial bone of the forearm
118
ureters
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
119
urethra
tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
120
uterus
female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
121
vagina
the female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus
122
valve
a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction
123
vein
any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
124
venae cavae(vena cava)
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium
125
ventilation
the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
126
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart. There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends oxygen-rich blood to the body)
127
venule
the smallest kind of vein
128
vertebrae
the 33 bones of the spinal column
129
voluntary muscle
muscle that can be consciously controlled
130
white blood cells
components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body fight infection
131
xiphoid process
the inferior portion of the sternum (breastbone)
132
zygomatic arches
bones that form the structure of the cheeks
