Chapter 7 - Principles of Pathophysiology

Question 1

aerobic metabolism

Answer 1

the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner, with minimal waste products

Question 2

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 2

the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner, with many waste products

Question 3

cardiac output

Answer 3

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate ∙ stroke volume)

Question 4

chemoreceptors

Answer 4

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 5

dead air space

Answer 5

air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Question 6

dehydration

Answer 6

an abnormally low amount of water in the body

Question 7

diaphoresis

Answer 7

sweating; condition of cool, pale, and moist/sweaty skin

Question 8

edema

Answer 8

swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

Question 9

electrolyte

Answer 9

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles

Question 10

FiO2

Answer 10

fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

Question 11

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 11

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Question 12

hypersensitivity

Answer 12

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

Question 13

hypoperfusion

Answer 13

inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also
called shock

Question 14

metabolism

Answer 14

the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

Question 15

minute volume

Answer 15

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

Question 16

patent

Answer 16

open and clear; free from obstruction

Question 17

pathophysiology

Answer 17

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

Question 18

perfusion

Answer 18

the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

Question 19

plasma oncotic

Answer 19

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

Question 20

shock

Answer 20

inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also
called hypoperfusion

Question 21

stretch receptors

Answer 21

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Question 22

stroke volume

Answer 22

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

Question 23

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 23

the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

Question 24

tidal volume

Answer 24

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Question 25

V/Q match

Answer 25

ventilation/perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide