Chapter 6 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
acetabulum
A
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
2
Q
acromioclavicular joint
A
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
3
Q
acromion process
A
the highest portion of the shoulder
4
Q
alveoli
A
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange wit the bloodstream takes place
5
Q
anatomy
A
study of body structure
6
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body. transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation
7
Q
appendix
A
a small tube located near the junction of the small
and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation, called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain.
8
Q
arteriole
A
the smallest kind of artery.
9
Q
artery
A
any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
10
Q
atria
A
the two upper chambers of the heart. There
is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning
from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated
blood returning from the lungs). Singular atrium.
11
Q
automaticity
A
the ability of the heart to
generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.
12
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
the division of
the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor
functions.
13
Q
bladder
A
the round, saclike organ of the renal system used as
a reservoir for urine.
14
Q
blood pressure
A
the pressure caused by blood exerting force
against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured
15
Q
brachial artery
A
artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse
checked during infant CPR.
16
Q
bronchi
A
the two large sets of branches that come
off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left
bronchi. Singular bronchus
17
Q
buffer system
A
a system that helps manage the pH of the body
to maintain it at a normal level.
18
Q
calcaneus
A
the heel bone.
19
Q
capillaries
A
a thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel
where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange
with the body’s cells takes place.
20
Q
cardiac conduction system
A
a system of specialized muscle
tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart
to beat.
21
Q
cardiac muscle
A
specialized involuntary muscle found only in
the heart.
22
Q
cardiovascular system
A
the system
made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular).
Sometimes called the circulatory system.
23
Q
carotid arteries
A
the large neck arteries, one on
each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.
24
Q
carpals
A
the wrist bones.
25
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord.
26
central pulses
the carotid and femoral pulses, which can be
felt in the central part of the body.
27
clavicle
the collarbone
28
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the
muscle of the heart (myocardium).
29
cranium
the top, back, and sides of the skull.
30
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that
forms the lower portion of the larynx.
31
dermis
the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood
vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis.
32
diaphragm
the muscular structure that divides
the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; a major muscle of
respiration.
33
diastolic blood pressure
the pressure in the
arteries when the left ventricle is refilling.
34
digestive system
system by which food travels through the
body and is digested, or broken down, into absorbable forms.
35
dorsalis pedis artery
artery supplying
the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.
36
endocrine system
system of glands that produce
chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body
activities and functions.
37
epidermis
the outer layer of skin
38
epiglottis
a leaf-shaped structure that prevents
food and foreign matter from entering the trachea.
39
epinephrine
a hormone produced by the
body. As a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is
used to relieve severe allergic reactions.
40
exhalation
a passive process in which the
intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the
chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs.
41
femoral artery
the major artery supplying the leg
42
femur
the large bone of the thigh.
43
fibula
the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
44
gallbladder
a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile
produced by the liver.
45
humerus
the bone of the upper arm, between
the shoulder and the elbow
46
hypoperfusion
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood
to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients; a
life-threatening condition. Also called shock.
47
ilium
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis.
48
inhalation
an active process in which the
intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding
the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs.
49
insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas or
taken as a medication by many diabetics.
50
involuntary muscle
muscle that responds automatically to
brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
51
ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis.
52
joint
the point where two bones come together.
53
kidneys
organs of the renal system used to filter blood and
regulate fluid levels in the body
54
large intestine
the muscular tube that removes water from
waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.
55
larynx
the voice box
56
ligaments
tissue that connects bone to bone
57
liver
the largest organ of the body, which produces bile to
assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of
various substances in the body.
58
lungs
the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and
waste carbon dioxide takes place.
59
lymphatic system
the system composed of
organs, tissues, and vessels that helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system.
60
malleolus
protrusion on the side of the ankle.
The lateral malleolus, at the lower end of the fibula, is seen on the outer ankle; the medial malleolus, at the lower end of the
tibia, is seen on the inner ankle.
61
mandible
the lower jawbone
62
manubrium
the superior portion of the sternum
63
maxillae
the two fused bones forming the upper jaw
64
metacarpals
the hand bones
65
metatarsals
the foot bones
66
muscles
tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part
67
musculoskeletal system
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
68
nasal bones
the nose bones
69
nasopharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth
70
nervous system
the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that governs sensation, movement, and thought
71
orbits
the bony structures around the eyes; the eye sockets
72
oropharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth
73
ovaries
egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system
74
pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine
75
patella
the kneecap
76
pelvis
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attahcment for the lower extremities
77
penis
organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm
78
perfusion
the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues ofthe body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
79
peripheral nervous system
the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
80
peripheral pulses
the radial, brachial, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body
81
phalanges
the toe bones and finger bones
82
pharynx
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
83
physiology
study of the body function
84
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood
85
platelets
components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
86
posterior tibial artery
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
87
pubis
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
88
pulmonary artery
vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
89
pulmonary vein
the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
90
pulse
the rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
91
radial artery
artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking
the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist.
92
radius
the lateral bone of the forearm.
93
red blood cells
components of the blood. They carry oxygen
to and carbon dioxide away from the cells.
94
renal system
the body system that regulates fluid balance and
the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system.
95
reproductive system
the body system that is responsible for
human reproduction.
96
respiration
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide
between circulating blood and the cells.
97
respiratory system
the system of nose,
mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the
body and expels carbon dioxide.
98
scapula
the shoulder blade
99
shock
hypoperfusion
100
skeleton
the bones of the body
101
skin
the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
102
skull
the bony structure of the head
103
spleen
an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood
104
sternum
the breastbone
105
stomach
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
106
subcutaneous layers
the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
107
systolic blood pressure
the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
108
tarsals
the ankle bones
109
tendons
tissue that connects muscle to bones
110
testes
male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm
111
thorax
the chest
112
thyroid cartilage
the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam's apple
113
tibia
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
114
trachea
the “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs.
115
ulna
the medial bone of the forearm
116
ureters
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the
bladder
117
urethra
tube connecting the bladder to the
vagina or penis for excretion of urine.
118
uterus
female organ of reproduction used to
house the developing fetus
119
vagina
the female organ of reproduction used for both
sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus.
120
valve
a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a
fluid in only one direction.
121
vein
any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
122
venae cavae
the superior vena cava and the
inferior vena cava. These two major veins return blood from
the body to the right atrium. Singular vena cava
123
ventilation
the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of
blood
124
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart.
There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen-poor blood to
the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends oxygen-rich blood
to the body).
125
venule
the smallest kind of vein
126
vertebrae
the 33 bones of the spinal column
127
voluntary muscle
muscle that can be consciously controlled
128
white blood cells
components of the blood. They produce
substances that help the body fight infection.
129
xiphoid process
the inferior portion of the sternum
(breastbone)
130
zygomatic arches
bones that form the structure of the cheeks.
131
endocrine system
132
integumentary system
133
male reproductive system
134
cervical spine (where/how many vertebrae)
135
thoracic spine (where/how many vertebrae)
136
lumbar (where/how many vertebrae)
137
sacral (where/how many vertebrae)
138
coccyx (where/how many vertebrae)
139
divisions of the spine
140
small intestine
the muscular tube between the stomach and
the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum,
and the ileum, that receives partially digested food from the
stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by
the body through its walls.
141
torso
the trunk of the body; the body without the head and
the extremities.
142
describe the flow of blood
