Chapter 6: assessing muscular fitness Flashcards by Tanya Thibault

What is needed to perform activities of daily living, maintain functional independence with age and partake in active leisure-time pursuits without undue stress or fatigue?

Minimum levels of muscular fitness

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Adequate level of muscular fitness lessen the chance of developing: (3)

Low back problems
Osteoporotic fractures
Musculoskeletal injuries

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Ability of a muscle group to exert a submaximal force (given force) for extended periods

Muscular endurance

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Ability of a muscle group to maintain a specific % of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time/execute repeated contractions sufficient to cause muscle fatigue

Muscular endurance (see p.5)

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Maximal force generated in a single contraction at a specified velocity/develop maximal contractile force against a resistance in a single contraction

Muscular strength

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T or F: power is a skill-related component of fitness

TRUE

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Muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time
Ability to exert force rapidly
Rate at which mechanical word is performed
Maximal amount of force one can exert in the least amount of time

Muscular power

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See p.8

Name the 2 types of muscle action

Static/isometric and dynamic

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Name the 3 types of dynamic muscle actions

Auxotonic
Isokinetic
Variable resistance

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Same muscle length

No visible movement of the joint

Isometric/static muscle action

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Muscle length changes
Visible joint movement
Auxotonic, isokinetic or variable resistance

Dynamic muscle action

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What is the traditional term used to describe the muscle action when lifting free weights?

Isotonic muscle action

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Is defined as variable muscle tensions caused by changing velocities & joint angles

Auxotonic muscle action

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What are the two phases of auxotonic muscle action?

Concentric & eccentric

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Muscle shortens during tension development
Weight is lifted
resistance < force produced by muscle group

Concentric muscle action

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Define eccentric muscle action

Muscle lengthens during tension development
Resist gravity
Resistance > force produced by muscle group
Weight is lowered

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T or F: Concentric muscle action has a greater risk of injury

FALSE, eccentric

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Name 2 examples of auxotonic muscle action

Free weights

Constant-resistance exercise machines

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Maximal contraction of a muscle group at a constant velocity throughout the entire range of motion

Isokinetic muscle action

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Purposes of strength and muscular endurance assessment (3)

Establish baseline values before training
Monitor progress during training
Assess the overall effectiveness of resistance training & exercise rehabilitation programs

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Tests that assess strength and muscular endurance are specific to: (6)

Muscle or muscle group tested
Type of muscle action
Velocity of muscle movement
Type of test
Type of equipment
Joint's range of motion (ROM)

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= MVC in newtons or KG

Absolute muscular strength

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= MVC / body mass

Relative muscular strength

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These tests are related to a specific muscle action:

spring-loaded dynamometers
hydraulic dynamometers
cable tensiometers
digital handheld dynamometers
clinical methods
load cells (strain gauges)

Isometric muscle testing (see protocols p.21)

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Measured as the maximal force exerted in a single contraction against an immovable resistance Maximal force produced by a muscle group when the limb is not rotating (zero velocity)

Isometric muscular strength

Cable tensiometry tests can be used to (2)

Assess strength impairment at specific joint angles | Monitor progress during rehabilitation

For the assessment of dynamic muscular strength & endurance, name the possible tests (2)

Free weights | Constant-resistance exercise machines (CREM)

What is the other name for auxotonic dynamic exercise?

DCER = dynamic constant external resistance exercise

What is the major disadvantage of free weights & constant-resistance exercise machines?

They measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the ROM (p.39)

T or F: CREM require less neuromuscular coordination to stabilize body parts & maintain balance CREM do not require spotting

TRUE

What are the disadvantages of CREMS vs Free weights?

CREMs limit an individual's ROM & plane of movement Some CREMs have a relatively large weight plate increments Some CREMs cannot accommodate individual's with short limbs, long limbs, a large body & large limb circumference

``` Name the category related to these tests: Forces plates + linear transducers Tendo weightlifting analyzer system Myotest accelerometer 1-Repetition maximum (RM) Estimation of 1-RM Relative strength (1-RM/body mass) Repetitions to failure YMCA bench press test Use a test battery (7 items) ```

Dynamic muscular strength testing (see p.43-49 + 51-56)

Heaviest weight that can be moved only once through the full ROM in a controlled manner with good posture

1-Repetition maximum (1-RM)

What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the upper body? (2)

1-RM bench press | 1-RM military press

What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the lower body? (2)

1-RM leg press 1-RM back squat 1-RM leg extension

The muscle contracts maximally throughout the entire ROM by varying the resistance to match the exercise strength curve

Variable-resistance exercise machines (p.57-58)

Involves the assessment of maximal muscle tension throughout a range of joint motion set at a constant angular velocity (muscles are maximally loaded throughout the ROM)

Dynamic isokinetic muscle testing using a isokinetic dynamometer (see p.66)

Concerning isokinetic tests: what is the speed setting for strength, endurance or power

``` Strength = 30 or 60 degrees/sec Endurance = 120 to 180 degrees/sec Power = 120 to 300 degrees/sec ```

What is the measure related to strength or power isokinetic test?

Peak torque

What is the measure related to endurance isokinetic test?

reps until torque reaches 50% initial torque value

What are the limitations of isokinetic-resistance exercise machines? (5)

Expensive equipment Found primarily in laboratory settings or sports medicine clinics Only permits angular motion No isokinetic muscle actions occur in real-life movements Angular velocity is relatively low compared to athletic movements

May compromise joint stability | Increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury

Muscle imbalance

T or F: Muscle balance ratios differ among muscle groups

TRUE

What is the muscle balance ration for hip extensors & flexors?

1:1

What is the muscle balance ration for elbow extensors & flexors?

1:1

What is the muscle balance ratio for trunk extensors & flexors?

1:1

What is the muscle balance ration for ankle inverters & everters?

1:1

What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder flexors & extensors?

2:3

What is the muscle balance ration for knee extensors & flexors?

3:2

What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder internal & external rotators?

3:2

What is the muscle balance ration for ankle plantar flexors & dorsiflexors?

3:1

Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic strength (5)

``` Pull-up Dip-strength Sit-up Push-up Bench squat ```

Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic endurance (5)

``` Pull-ups Sit-ups Trunk curls Partial curl-ups Push-ups ```

Read the chart p.76

Musculoskeletal fitness assessment

Name the tests related to dynamic muscular power (2)

``` Vertical jump (+ variations) Standing long jump ```

What are the sources of measurement error in muscular fitness testing?

Client factors Equipment Technician skill Environmental factors

``` What is this source: Familiarization with equipment & testing protocols Weightlifting experience Lifting technique Give a maximal effort Adequate rest between trials Restrict drugs & medications Motivate during testing ```

Client factors

``` What is this source: Design of the testing equipment Calibration of equipment Inspection & maintenance of equipment Selection of exercise machines that can accommodate various body dimensions ```

Equipment

``` What is this source: Qualified Trained (give easy tests to beginner) Knowledgeable Explanation & demonstration Observation & correction of performance errors ```

Technician skill

Name the environmental factors (4)

Room temperature Humidity Clean Quiet

Chapter 6: assessing muscular fitness Flashcards

(60 cards)