Chapter 6 Bone Physiology Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Primary functions of the skeletal system
A
Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection
leverage
2
Q
What is included in the skeletal system?
A
Bones of the skeleton
Cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect.
3
Q
What do bones store?
A
Inorganic ions, calcium ions, phosphorus ions, lipids in yellow marrow
4
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Bones that make up the central axis of the body
5
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Bones that make up the appendages of the body
6
Q
types of bones
A
longs
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
7
Q
compact bone
A
closer to solid
closer to the surface to provide stability
8
Q
Spongy bone
A
an open network
interior of bone
9
Q
long bone includes
A
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphysis
articular cartilage
marrow cavity
10
Q
diaphysis
A
tubular shaft
contains marrow cavity
11
Q
Metaphysis
A
connects diaphysis to epiphysis
11
Q
Epiphysis
A
end of bone
mainly spongy bone
form complex joints and synovial fluid
12
Q
bone marrow
A
in marrow cavity within diaphysis
contains yellow marrow which stores fat
coontains red marrow which produces blood cells
13
Q
diploe
A
sandwich of spongy bone
contains bone marrow within spongy network
14
Q
Osseous tissue is what?
A
Supporting connective tissue
15
Q
4 characteristics of bone
A
dense matrix- contains calcium salts
osteocytes- bone cells housed within lacunae
canaliculi forms network between lacunae
periosteum
16
Q
How much of the bone matrix is calcium phosphate?
A
2/3
17
Q
crystalline hydroxyapatite formula?
A
calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide
18
Q
crystalline hydroxapatite bind to make what?
A
calcium carbonate, sodium ions, magnesium ions, and fluoride ions
19
Q
what does calcium phosphate provide?
A
resistance to compression and rigidity
20
Q
what do collagen fibers provide?
A
resistance to tension and binding material for calcium crystals
21
Q
what do protein-crystal interactions provide?
A
strength, flexibility, and shatter resistance to bone
22
Q
cells in bone
A
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells (stem)
osteoclasts
23
Q
mature bone cells
A
osteocytes
24
occupies the lacuna within lamella layers
osteocytes
25
cannot divide; lacuna contains only one
osteocytes
26
canaliculi connects lacunae through what?
lamellae
27
2 major functions of osteocytes
maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix
help repair damaged bone by becoming osteoblast or osteoprogenitor cell if needed
28
produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis
osteoblasts
29
make and release proteins and other matrix components
osteoblasts
30
organic matrix is called what before calcium salt deposition?
osteoid
31
helps to elevate calcium phosphate levels locally
osteoblasts
32
promote calcium salt deposition
osteoblasts
33
osteoblasts become osteocytes when?
when surrounded by matrix
34
type of mesenchymal cell
osteoprogenitor cells
35
stem cell that divides into daughter cells to produce osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
36
maintain osteoblast populations
osteoprogenitor cells
37
help repair fractures
osteoprogenitor cells
38
osteoprogenitor cells located in?
cellular layer of periosteum
endosteum
vascular passages of matrix
39
remove bone matrix
osteoclasts
40
giant cells; multinucleate
osteoclasts
41
related to macrophages; both monocytes
osteoclasts
42
secretes acid and protein destroying enzymes to break down matrix and release minerals
osteoclasts
43
process called osteolysis important in regulation of what?
calcium and phosphate ion concentration
44
bone composition depends on what?
osteoblasts to osteoclasts relationship
45
functional unit of compact bone
osteon
46
osteocytes are arranged how in compact bone?
concentric layers around central canal
47
what does the central canal contain?
blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon
48
perforating canals do what?
run perpendicular to the central canals; blood vessels contained in here supply deep bone tissue and marrow cavity
49
concentric lamellae from what
nested cylinders around central canal
50
inertsitial lamellae do what?
fill spaces between osteons due to breakdown by osteoclasts
51
circumferential lamellae
found around in the outer surfaces and covered by periosteum and in the inner surfaces covered by endosteum
52
where is compact bone the thickest?
where stresses arrive from limited range of directions
53
osteons aligned the same...
strong when stressed along the axis of alignment
54
lamellae arrangement in spongy bone
lamellae is not arranged in osteons
55
what is the name of the network formed by the matrix in spongy bone?
trabeculae
56
are there blood vessels in the matrix of spongy bone?
no
57
what canals does diffusion take place in spongy bone
canaliculi open the surfaces of trabeculae and diffusion takes place within these canals
58
where is spongy bone located
areas of less stress
59
trabeculae are along stress lines with what?
with extensive cross-branching
60
spongy bone transfers forces where?
adjacent compact bone
61
what does spongy bone do to the weight of the skeleton?
it reduces it
62
what does spongy bone protect?
bone marrow cells
63
located where stresses are limited in direction
compact bone
64
located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional
spongy bone
65
superficial layer of bone
periosteum
66
functions of the periosteum
isolates bone from surrounding tissue system interactions
helps with bone growth and repair
67
periosteum is
continuous with surroundings
interwoven with tendons attached to bone- very strong attachment
68
69
the incomplete cellular layer that lines the marrow cavity
endosteum
70
Endosteum functions
active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
covers trabeculae and lines central canals
consists of osteoprogenitor cells
where cellular layer is not complete osteoblasts and osteoclasts are active
71
what is calcification
depositing calcium salts within tissues
72
what is ossification
converting other tissue to bone
73
bone production between membranes
intramembraneous ossification
74
what type of ossification produces flat bones
intramembraneous
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cartilage model becomes long bone
endochondral ossification
76
where does the bone get longer
metaphysis
77
Nutrient artery and veins
supply diaphysis form during beginning of endochondral ossification
enter through nutrient foramina
branches of vessel form perforation canal
78
Metaphyseal vessels
supply blood to inner surface of epiphyseal cartilage
where osteoblasts are active
79
periosteal vessels
blood vessels from the periosteum
supply the superficial osteons
also supply secondary ossification areas in epiphyses
80
after closure of epiphyses
all types are interconnected
81
step one of bone remodeling
minerals removed from bone matrix and released into circulating blood
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step two of bone remodeling
simultaneously circulating minerals are absorbed and deposited
83
step tree of bone remodeling
involves interaction between osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
84
step four of bone remodeling
osteoblasts forming osteons and osteoclasts are breaking down osteons
85
what is the bone turnover rate
1/5 is replaced in a year - high turnover rate
86
what can take the place of calcium
heavy minerals - these materials can stay in bone for long periods
87
what can happen as heavy minerals are released over the remodeling process?
it can lead to great complications and disease over time (leukemia and cancer)
88
what are attracted to electrical stimuli
osteoblasts
89
why bone remodeling
helps bones adapt to many situations that the body is exposed to
90
what does stress do to bones
it makes them thicker
91
nutrients for bone growth
vitamin C vitamin K and vitamin b12
92
hormones for bone growth
calcitrol, growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones
93
what does growth hormone do
stimulates protein and cell growth
94
what does thyroxine do?
helps maintain metabolism in cells
95
what do hormones do for bone growth
maintain epiphyseal cartilage (plate) until puberty
96
what causes osteoblasts to work faster than cartilage expansion?
sex hormones
97
what causes epiphyseal cartilage to close and growth to stop
sex hormones
98
pott's fracture
in the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
99
comminuted fractures
shatter the affected area into multitude of bony fragments
100
transverse fracture
break a shaft bone across its long axis
101
spiral fracture
produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
102
displaced fracture
new and abnormal bone arrangemnets
103
non-displaced fractures
retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments
104
colles' fracture
break in the distal portion of the radius, typically the result of trying to cushion a fall
105
epiphyseal fracture
tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying
106
greenstick fracture
one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent - usually in children
107
compression fracture
in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses
108
what is joint classification based on
structure or anatomy
function or "range of motion"
108
synarthrosis
immovable joint
109
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
109
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
109
symphysis
articulation separated by pad or wedge of fibrocartilage
110
gomphoses
bolting together of teeth to maxilla and mandible
110
synovial membrane lines the walls of the articular capsule
diarthroses
110
suture joint
between flat bones of the skull - stitched together
110
anatomical classifications
bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
110
flexion
reduction in angle of articulating elements (anterior-posterior plane)
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surrounded by articular capsule
diarthroses
110
created by the continuation of periosteum of the two articulating bones
articular capsule
110
extenison
increase in the angle of articulating elements (anterior-posterior plane)
110
linear motion
gliding motion
111
abduction
away from longitudinal axis of the body
111
adduction
toward the longitudinal axis of the body
111
pronation
roataion involving the wrist and forearm; palm facing front to palm facing back
111
lateral rotation
opposite of medial rotation
112
medial rotation
anterior movement toward the long axis or midline
112
circumduction
the motion of "drawing a circle"
112
supination
roation involving the wrist and forearm; palm tuned anteruorly
112
left rotation/right rotation
rotation described versus Medline or longitudinal axis
113
inversion
twisting motion of foot turning sole inward
114
eversion
opposite of inversion
115
dorsiflexion
flexion at ankle and elevation of the sole
116
planter flextion
opposite of dorsiflexion
117
opposition
movement of thumb toward the palm or fingers
118
protraction
movement of a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane
119
retraction
opposite of protraction
120
elevation
movemnet of a body part superiorly
121
depression
movement of a body part inferiorly
122
lateral flexion
vertebral column bending to side
