Chapter 6 - Bones

Question 1

Skeletal cartilage is made up of resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of?

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

What is the layer of dense connective tissue surrounding skeletal cartilage?

Answer 2

Perichondrium

Question 3

Perichondrium is a lay or what kind of tissue?

Answer 3

Dense connective tissue

Question 4

What helps cartilage resist outward expansion?

Answer 4

Perichondrium

Question 5

Which part of bones is vascular, skeletal cartilage or perichondrium?

Answer 5

Perichondrium

Question 6

Cartilage is made out of what kind of cells?

Answer 6

Chondrocytes

Question 7

What is the name for the small cavities in which chondrocytes are encased?

Answer 7

Lacunae

Question 8

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 8

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Question 9

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

Answer 9

Hyaline

Question 10

What are the four types of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 10

Articulate, costal, respiratory, nasal

Question 11

Where is articular cartilage located?

Answer 11

Joints

Question 12

Where is costal cartilage located?

Answer 12

Ribs

Question 13

Where is elastic cartilage located?

Answer 13

External ear and epiglottis

Question 14

Where is fibrocartilage located?

Answer 14

Minisci of knee; vertebral discs

Question 15

What kind of fibers are found in hyaline and fibrocartilage?

Answer 15

Collagen

Question 16

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage in what type of cartilage growth?

Answer 16

Appositional

Question 17

Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within in what type of growth?

Answer 17

Interstitial

Question 18

What minerals do bones store?

Answer 18

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 19

In respect to bones, blood cell formation occurs where?

Answer 19

Red marrow cavities

Question 20

What type of fat is stored in bone activities?

Answer 20

Triglyceride

Question 21

What type of hormone is secreted by bones?

Answer 21

Osteocalcin

Question 22

Osteocalcin is secreted by bones to help regulate what?

Answer 22

Insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

Question 23

What many bones in the human skeleton?

Answer 23

206

Question 24

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage are located in what part of the skeleton, axial or appendicular?

Answer 24

Axial

Question 25

The appendicular skeleton consists of what bones?

Answer 25

Upper and lower limbs

Question 26

What type of bones from within tendons?

Answer 26

Sesamoid bones

Question 27

Bones are organs, true or false.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the thin plates of spongy bone called?

Answer 28

Diploe

Question 29

Spongy bone is made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone called?

Answer 29

Trabeculae

Question 30

What is the connective tissue membrane covering the outside of compact bone?

Answer 30

Periosteum

Question 31

What is the connective tissue membrane covering inside portion of compact bone?

Answer 31

Endosteum

Question 32

What is the long shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 32

Diaphysis

Question 33

What is the end of a bone called?

Answer 33

Epiphyses

Question 34

The central medullary cavity of an adult long bone is filled with what?

Answer 34

Yellow marrow

Question 35

The diaphysis of a long bone consists of compact bone surrounding what cavity?

Answer 35

Medullary cavity

Question 36

Epiphyses of long bone consists of what type of bone externally and what bone internally?

Answer 36

Compact bone externally, | Spongy bone internally

Question 37

Where does bone growth occur?

Answer 37

Epiphyseal line

Question 38

Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the epiphseal line, remnant of what?

Answer 38

Childhood epiphseal plate

Question 39

The fibrous layer of periosteum consists of what type of tissue?

Answer 39

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 40

What type of fibers secure bone to bone matrix, found within the outer layer of periosteum?

Answer 40

Sharpey’s fibers

Question 41

Which layer of the periosteum contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most bone cells?

Answer 41

Osteogenic layer

Question 42

What is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones?

Answer 42

Red marrow

Question 43

When do medullary cavities and all spongy bone contain red marrow?

Answer 43

In newborns

Question 44

In adults, red marrow is located in heads of which long bones?

Answer 44

Femur and humerus

Question 45

What are the most active areas of hematopoiesis in adults?

Answer 45

Flat bone diploe and some irregular bones (such as hip)

Question 46

When can yellow marrow convert to red?

Answer 46

If a person become anemic

Question 47

What are the three types of bone markings?

Answer 47

Projection, depression, and opening

Question 48

Which type of bone cell is bone-forming, secreting osteoid?

Answer 48

Osteoblasts

Question 49

What is osteoid made up of?

Answer 49

Collagen and calcium-binding proteins

Question 50

What makes up 90% of bone protein?

Answer 50

Collagen

Question 51

What are the mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide?

Answer 51

Osteocytes

Question 52

Which bone cells maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors so bone remodeling can occur?

Answer 52

Osteocytes

Question 53

In addition to osteocytes, what other cells help maintain bone matrix?

Answer 53

Bone-lining cells

Question 54

What are the bone-lining cells on the external bone surface? Periosteal or endosteal

Answer 54

Periosteal

Question 55

Which bone cells breakdown bone for remodeling?

Answer 55

Osteoclasts

Question 56

What is lamellar bone?

Answer 56

Compact bone

Question 57

What is the elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone?

Answer 57

Osteocytes

Question 58

What act as tiny-weight bearing pillars in compact bone?

Answer 58

Osteon

Question 59

An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called?

Answer 59

Lamellae

Question 60

What are found between collagen fibers of osteon, helping to withstand stress and twisting?

Answer 60

Bone salts

Question 61

The central (Haversian) canal running through the core of osteon contains what?

Answer 61

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

Question 62

What canals are lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal?

Answer 62

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

Question 63

What are the small cavities that contain osteocytes?

Answer 63

Lacunae

Question 64

What are the hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal?

Answer 64

Canaliculi

Question 65

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Answer 65

Osteon

Question 66

Which of these are NOT present in spongy bone: | Trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes, osteons

Answer 66

Osteons

Question 67

What inorganic compound makeup 65% of bone by mass?

Answer 67

Hydroxyapatites