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Human Biology > Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What is blood

A

A fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide and hormones

Defense: against invasion by pathogens

Regulatory functions: body temperature, water-salt balance and body pH

Form clots in wounds

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3
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  1. Formed elements

2. Plasma

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4
Q

Formed elements

A

Produced in red bone marrow

  • Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBC)
  • White blood cells/leukocytes (WBC)
  • Platelets
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5
Q

Plasma

A

Composed of 90% water and 10% plasma proteins

Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules

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6
Q

What are the 3 major types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Plasma albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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7
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein

Functions: maintains osmotic balance, regulates pH, transports molecules

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8
Q

Globulins

A

Carrier proteins that bind to hormones, fatty acids, ions

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9
Q

Fibrinogens (and prothrombin)

A

Inactive precursors to proteins that form clots

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10
Q

Other components of plasma

A

Glucose and amino acids: circulate in blood as nutrients to cells

Antibodies: circulate in the blood; members of family of proteins called gamma goblins

Inorganic salts, gases, organics nutrients (glucose, fats, phospholipids, amino acids), nitrogenous waste products, regulatory substances (hormones, enzymes)

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11
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Also called erythrocytes

Produced in red bone marrow

Destroyed in liver and spleen when too old (~120 days)

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12
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of blood occupied by RBC

Varies by oxygen requirements of individuals

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13
Q

Structure of RBC

A

Lack nucleus; few organelles
Biconcave shape to increase surface area
Contain 280 million hemoglobin molecules - iron containing oxygen carrier molecules
Bind 4 molecules of oxygen

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14
Q

Where are RBC produced?

A

In red blood marrow

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15
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Excreted by kidney cells and moves to red marrow when oxygen levels are low

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16
Q

Blood doping

A

Method of increasing number of RBCs to increase athletic performance; allows more efficient delivery of oxygen to reduce fatigue

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17
Q

Anemia

A

Disorder/condition resulting from too few RBCs or hemoglobin

Effects: decreased ability of blood to cary oxygen; leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, high heart rate

Causes: excessive bleeding, tumors in bone marrow, iron or B12 deficiency

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18
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disease that causes RBCs to be sickle shaped that tend to rupture

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19
Q

Hemolytic disease

A

A condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth

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20
Q

White blood cells

A

Also called leukocytes
Derived from red blood marrow
Have a nucleus
Found in blood and tissues

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21
Q

What is the function of WBC

A

Fight infections and are an important part of the immune system

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22
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Granular - contain noticeable granules, lobed nulcei

  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil

Agranular - no granules, nonlobed nuclei

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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23
Q

Neutrophil

A

Majority of WBCs

Upon infection, they move out of ciruclation into tissues to use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens

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24
Q

Eosinophils

A

Small percentage of WBCs

Function in infections and play a role in allergies

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25
Basophil
Release histamine related to allergic reactions
26
Monocytes
Uncommon WBCs Largest WBC in size with horseshoe shaped nucleus Present in tissues and develop into macrophages, which use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens and worn out RBCs
27
Lymphocytes
Has a large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm Develop into B and T cells that are important to immune system Mainly present in lymphoid organs
28
Types of lymphocytes
1. T-lympocytes: cell mediated immunity | 2. B-lymphocytes: humoral mediated immunity
29
B lymphocytes
Plasma cells derive from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies
30
Leukocytosis
:arge increase in number of WBCs normal reaction to infection
31
Leukemia
Group of cancers that affecte WBC in which cells proliferate without control
32
Severe combined immunodeficiency desease (SCID)
Inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack an enzyme that llows them to fight any infection
33
Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infect lymphocytes reulting in fatigue, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes; transmitted via saliva
34
Platelets
Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytic; function in blood clotting Blood proteins (thrombin and fibrinogen) are important for blood clotting by leading to fibrin threats that catch RBCs
35
How do platelets clot blood?
1. Blood vessel is punctured 2. Platelets congregate and form a plug 3. Platelets and damaged tissue cells release thrombin activator which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions 4. Fibrin threats form and trap red blood cells
36
How do clots dissolve themselves?
Due to the action of plasmin. An inactive precursor plasminogen is incorporated into the clot when it forms Activated by enzymes released by healthy endothelial cells Removes clot once break has been repaired
37
Disorders involving platelets
1. thrombocytopenia 2. thromboembolism 3. hemophilia
38
Thrombocytopenia
a disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow
39
Thromboembolism
When a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel serving the heart or the brain causing heart attacks and strokes respectively
40
Hemophilia
a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally
41
Antigen
a foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response
42
Antibody
proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen
43
Blood transfusion
transfer of blood from one individual into another individual
44
What determines blood type?
The type of antibodies present and the presence and/or absence of 2 blood antigens, A and B
45
Group A blood types have
"A" red cell blood type Anti-B antibodies "A" antigens
46
Group B blood types have
B red cell blood type Anti-A antibodies B antigens
47
Group AB blood types have
AB red blood cell types No antibodies present A and B antigens
48
Group O blood types have
O Red cell blood type Both A and B antibodies No antigens
49
Rh blood group
Rh antigen is another antigen located on RBCs The Rh factor is often included when expressing a blood type by naming it positive or negative Rh antibodies only develop in a person when they are exposed to the Rh factor from another’s blood (usually a fetus)
50
What is blood
A fluid connective tissue
51
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide and hormones Defense: against invasion by pathogens Regulatory functions: body temperature, water-salt balance and body pH Form clots in wounds
52
What are the components of blood?
1. Formed elements | 2. Plasma
53
Formed elements
Produced in red bone marrow - Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBC) - White blood cells/leukocytes (WBC) - Platelets
54
Plasma
Composed of 90% water and 10% plasma proteins Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules
55
What are the 3 major types of plasma proteins?
1. Plasma albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen
56
Albumin
Most abundant plasma protein Functions: maintains osmotic balance, regulates pH, transports molecules
57
Globulins
Carrier proteins that bind to hormones, fatty acids, ions
58
Fibrinogens (and prothrombin)
Inactive precursors to proteins that form clots
59
Other components of plasma
Glucose and amino acids: circulate in blood as nutrients to cells Antibodies: circulate in the blood; members of family of proteins called gamma goblins Inorganic salts, gases, organics nutrients (glucose, fats, phospholipids, amino acids), nitrogenous waste products, regulatory substances (hormones, enzymes)
60
Red Blood Cells
Also called erythrocytes Produced in red bone marrow Destroyed in liver and spleen when too old (~120 days)
61
Hematocrit
Volume of blood occupied by RBC Varies by oxygen requirements of individuals
62
Structure of RBC
Lack nucleus; few organelles Biconcave shape to increase surface area Contain 280 million hemoglobin molecules - iron containing oxygen carrier molecules Bind 4 molecules of oxygen
63
Where are RBC produced?
In red blood marrow
64
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Excreted by kidney cells and moves to red marrow when oxygen levels are low
65
Blood doping
Method of increasing number of RBCs to increase athletic performance; allows more efficient delivery of oxygen to reduce fatigue
66
Anemia
Disorder/condition resulting from too few RBCs or hemoglobin Effects: decreased ability of blood to cary oxygen; leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, high heart rate Causes: excessive bleeding, tumors in bone marrow, iron or B12 deficiency
67
Sickle cell anemia
genetic disease that causes RBCs to be sickle shaped that tend to rupture
68
Hemolytic disease
A condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth
69
White blood cells
Also called leukocytes Derived from red blood marrow Have a nucleus Found in blood and tissues
70
What is the function of WBC
Fight infections and are an important part of the immune system
71
Types of leukocytes
Granular - contain noticeable granules, lobed nulcei - Eosinophil - Basophil - Neutrophil Agranular - no granules, nonlobed nuclei - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
72
Neutrophil
Majority of WBCs | Upon infection, they move out of ciruclation into tissues to use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens
73
Eosinophils
Small percentage of WBCs | Function in infections and play a role in allergies
74
Basophil
Release histamine related to allergic reactions
75
Monocytes
Uncommon WBCs Largest WBC in size with horseshoe shaped nucleus Present in tissues and develop into macrophages, which use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens and worn out RBCs
76
Lymphocytes
Has a large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm Develop into B and T cells that are important to immune system Mainly present in lymphoid organs
77
Types of lymphocytes
1. T-lympocytes: cell mediated immunity | 2. B-lymphocytes: humoral mediated immunity
78
B lymphocytes
Plasma cells derive from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies
79
Leukocytosis
:arge increase in number of WBCs normal reaction to infection
80
Leukemia
Group of cancers that affecte WBC in which cells proliferate without control
81
Severe combined immunodeficiency desease (SCID)
Inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack an enzyme that llows them to fight any infection
82
Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infect lymphocytes reulting in fatigue, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes; transmitted via saliva
83
Platelets
Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytic; function in blood clotting Blood proteins (thrombin and fibrinogen) are important for blood clotting by leading to fibrin threats that catch RBCs
84
How do platelets clot blood?
1. Blood vessel is punctured 2. Platelets congregate and form a plug 3. Platelets and damaged tissue cells release thrombin activator which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions 4. Fibrin threats form and trap red blood cells
85
How do clots dissolve themselves?
Due to the action of plasmin. An inactive precursor plasminogen is incorporated into the clot when it forms Activated by enzymes released by healthy endothelial cells Removes clot once break has been repaired
86
Disorders involving platelets
1. thrombocytopenia 2. thromboembolism 3. hemophilia
87
Thrombocytopenia
a disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow
88
Thromboembolism
When a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel serving the heart or the brain causing heart attacks and strokes respectively
89
Hemophilia
a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally
90
Antigen
a foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response
91
Antibody
proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen
92
Blood transfusion
transfer of blood from one individual into another individual
93
What determines blood type?
The type of antibodies present and the presence and/or absence of 2 blood antigens, A and B
94
Group A blood types have
"A" red cell blood type Anti-B antibodies "A" antigens
95
Group B blood types have
B red cell blood type Anti-A antibodies B antigens
96
Group AB blood types have
AB red blood cell types No antibodies present A and B antigens
97
Group O blood types have
O Red cell blood type Both A and B antibodies No antigens
98
Rh blood group
Rh antigen is another antigen located on RBCs The Rh factor is often included when expressing a blood type by naming it positive or negative Rh antibodies only develop in a person when they are exposed to the Rh factor from another’s blood (usually a fetus)

Human Biology (3 decks)

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