Chapter 6 (Endomembrane system)

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

the simplest collection of matter that lives

Question 2

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 2

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Question 3

Humans have which type of cell?

Answer 3

eukaryotic cell

Question 4

ALL types of cells share which common features?

Answer 4

plasma membrane to the different interior from exterior
cytosol that keeps the organelles floating around
chromosomes that store genetic material
ribosomes which are the unit that creates proteins

Question 5

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having…

Answer 5

NO nucleus
DNA that is kept free in one area called the nucleoid region
NO membrane-bound organelles

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having

Answer 6

membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, they are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Question 7

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 7

one interconnected system of membrane consisting of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

Question 8

Where are most of the DNA held in the cell?

Answer 8

the nucleus

Question 9

DNA is found in what state in the nucleus?

Answer 9

as chromatin, strings of protein

Question 10

What is the condensed version of chromatin called?

Answer 10

chromosomes

Question 11

Where is the nucleolus?

Answer 11

within the nucleus

Question 12

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 12

the site of RNA synthesis

Question 13

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 13

it encloses the nucleus, has pores, has a nuclear lamina

Question 14

What are the pores in the nuclear envelope for?

Answer 14

regulation of entry and exist of genetic molecules mostly in the form of RNA

Question 15

What is the nuclear lamina?

Answer 15

it is the proteins that help structure and network to maintain the shape of the nuclear envelope (crosshatches)

Question 16

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

Answer 16

attached to the nucleus, for the ease of genetic transfer

Question 17

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 17

smooth and rough

Question 18

What does the rough ER do and have?

Answer 18

the rough ER has proteins bound to it

it reads genetic material from the nucleus and forms proteins

Question 19

What does the smooth ER do and have?

Answer 19

no proteins bound to it
assemblers phospholipids for the membrane
generates steroid lipids
stores calcium

Question 20

What does the ER receive?

Answer 20

raw protein products getting filtered into it

Question 21

What happens to the raw protein products after they go through the ER?

Answer 21

distributed to transport vesicles leading to the Golgi apparatus

Question 22

What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?

Answer 22

flattened membrane sacs

Question 23

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 23

receiving raw material at the cis-face side (inward curve) and move throughout the layers to get process until the trans face

Question 24

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 24

sorts and package into vesicles
makes modifications so that materials go to the right place
modify ER products
delivers to different areas using vesicles

Question 25

What are lysosomes?

Answer 25

membrane vesicles aka the molecular stomach

Question 26

What is the purpose of a lysosome?

Answer 26

to digest molecules using enzymes

Question 27

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 27

membrane vesicles that ARE NOT PART OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

Question 28

What is the purpose of peroxisome?

Answer 28

use oxygen to breakdown components and metabolizes lipids

Question 29

What are the energy-producing organelles?

Answer 29

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

____ and ____ are called autonomous organelles because _____

Answer 30

the mitochondria and chloroplast are called autonomous organelles because they have their own DNA and divide themselves

Question 31

The mitochondria is unique because it has 2 ____ of its own

Answer 31

The mitochondria are unique because it has 2 membranes of its own

Question 32

What are the mitochondria for?

Answer 32

cellular respiration, produce energy

Question 33

What is the intermembrane space?

Answer 33

space between the two membranes of a mitochondrion

Question 34

What is the matrix?

Answer 34

the space inside a mitochondrion

Question 35

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded because

Answer 35

there is more surface area for chemical energy conversion of ATP

Question 36

Where are chloroplasts found?

Answer 36

in plants and algae

Question 37

What do chloroplasts use for energy conversion?

Answer 37

light energy

Question 38

What catches the light energy in the chloroplasts?

Answer 38

chlorophyll

Question 39

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 39

protein network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Question 40

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 40

supports cell and helps maintain shape, regulation of movement

Question 41

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 41

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 42

What are microtubules?

Answer 42

hollow tube aka tracks for vesicles movement like a highway road

Question 43

What are microfilaments?

Answer 43

globular filaments that are rod like

Question 44

What is the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 44

microfilaments

Question 45

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 45

ropes of proteins that are hard to break down and are tightly packed that are able to withstand stress

Question 46

Motor proteins use this to move in one certain direction

Answer 46

motor proteins use microtubules to move in one certain direction (growing is positive and negative is anchored)

Question 47

What do microtubules produce?

Answer 47

structures for mitosis to occur, cilia, and flagella

Question 48

What is a centrosome?

Answer 48

microtubule organized center, contains a pair of centrioles

Question 49

What are microfilaments used for?

Answer 49

push and pull of plasma membrane by forming the cortex

Question 50

What transitions do microfilaments make?

Answer 50

sol-gel transitions (solid to fluid)

Question 51

Where can you find microfilaments?

Answer 51

muscles, near the inner part of plasma membrane

Question 52

What is the outside of the cell called?

Answer 52

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 53

What is the ECM made of?

Answer 53

proteins excreted from cells, structures outside the cells (fibronectin)

Question 54

What is fibronectin?

Answer 54

an outside protein that connections the membrane to the extracellular environment

Question 55

What is proteoglycan?

Answer 55

protein+carbohydrate that helps connect external environment for support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

Question 56

What are intracellular junctions?

Answer 56

neighboring cells in tissues or organ systems often adhering, interacting, and communicating through physical contact

Question 57

What are some types of intracellular junctions?

Answer 57

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata

Question 58

What are tight junctions?

Answer 58

line of demarkation, separates environments

Question 59

What are desmosomes?

Answer 59

an anchor, two cells adhere and become a unit

Question 60

What are gap junctions?

Answer 60

pores between two different cells for communication

Question 61

What are plasmodesmatas?

Answer 61

they are found in plant cells, have to communicate through cell walls and plasma membranes (a type of gap junction)

Question 62

What is the nucleus for?

Answer 62

primarily for messaging, copying DNA, and converting to RNA, holding genetic material

Question 63

What protein makes microtubules?

Answer 63

tubulin

Question 64

What does tubulin (protein) make?

Answer 64

microtubules

Question 65

What is the structure of microfilaments under the plasma membrane called?

Answer 65

the cortex