Chapter 9 (Respiration and Fermentation) Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What are redox reactions?
A
transfer of electrons during chemical reactions aka one molecule gains electrons while the other molecule loses electrons
2
Q
What happens in oxidation?
A
a substance loses electrons and increases the overall positive charge of a molecule
3
Q
What happens in reduction?
A
a substance gains electrons and increases the overall negative charge of a molecule
4
Q
What is a reducing agent?
A
influences other molecules to gain electrons
5
Q
What is an oxidizing agent?
A
influences other molecules to lose electrons
6
Q
What are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?
A
NAD+ and FAD+
7
Q
How is NAD+ made?
A
the electrons from organic compounds like coenzyme Niacin from vitamin B3 (niacin) are transferred to make NAD+
8
Q
What are dehydrogenase enzymes?
A
enzymes that take away hydrogens from organic molecules like NADH and FADH2 to make NAD+ + H+ and FAD+ + H+
9
Q
What is the reduced form of NAD+?
A
NADH
10
Q
What is the purpose of NADH?
A
stores energy and carries electrons
11
Q
What does NAD+ stand for?
A
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
12
Q
What is the structure of NAD+?
A
nicotinamide, ribose, phosphate group
adenine, ribose, phosphate group
13
Q
What is NADPH?
A
has an extra phosphate group attached to ribose ring at bottom
14
Q
What is the reduced form of FAD+?
A
FADH2
15
Q
What is the purpose of FAD+?
A
stores energy and carries electrons
16
Q
What does FAD+ stand for?
A
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
17
Q
What is the structure of FAD+?
A
adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose, 2 phosphate group (ADP)
ribitol (the sugar chain)
flavin (nitrogenous base)
18
Q
Where does energy come from in an ecosystem?
A
light, the sun
19
Q
How does energy exit from an ecosystem?
A
thermal energy, heat
20
Q
What materials does photosynthesis require for the process to happen?
A
energy + H2O + CO2
21
Q
What does photosynthesis create?
A
O2 + organic molecules
22
Q
Where does cellular respiration take place?
A
mitochondria
23
Q
What materials does cellular respiration require for the process to happen?
A
organic molecules + O2
24
Q
What does cellular respiration create?
A
energy + H2O + CO2
25
What is aerobic respiration?
consumes organic molecules AND O2 to yield ATP
26
What is anaerobic respiration?
consumes compounds that are NOT O2 to make ATP
27
What is fermentation?
anaerobic process, NOT RESPiRATION that takes partial degradation of sugars without O2
28
What type of reaction is cellular respiration with glucose?
redox reaction
29
How much ATP does glucose make?
about 32 ATP molecules
30
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle
3) oxidative phosphorylation
31
What does glucose become in glycolysis?
glucose becomes 2 pyruvate molecules + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O
| 6 carbon molecules to two 3 carbon molecules
32
Where does glycolysis happen?
outside the mitochondria, in the cytosol
33
What are the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle?
2 pyruvate becomes CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2
34
Where does the citric acid cycle happen?
mitochondrial matrix
35
What are the parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
electrons transport chain and chemiosmosis
36
What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH, FADH2, O2, and ADP
37
What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?
NAD+, FAD+, H2O, ATP
38
What step in cellular respiration generates the most ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
39
Why does oxidative phosphorylation produce the most ATP?
because it is powered by redox reactions
40
Substrate level phosphorylation is used where?
glycolysis and krebs cycle
41
What are kinase enzymes?
enzymes that take phosphate group from one reactant and move it to the product
42
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic, doesn't necessarily need oxygen to work
43
What organism did glycolysis probably evolve from?
prokaryotes
44
What are the phases of glycolysis?
the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase?
45
What happens in the energy investment phase in glycolysis?
2 ATP invest to make 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate
46
How many steps does the energy investment phase in glycolysis have?
5 steps
47
What is the first step of the energy investment phase in glycolysis?
hexokinase enzyme uses 1ATP to attach phosphate to glucose
| glucose becomes glucose 6-phosphate and gains energy by using 1ATP from being phosphorylated
48
What is the second step of the energy investment phase in glycolysis?
phosphoglucoseisomerase enzyme glucose 6-phosphate converted into isomer fructose 6-phosphate with more energy
49
What is the third step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase enzyme uses 1ATP to attach phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 1, 6-biphosphate with more energy
50
What is the fourth step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
aldolase enzyme splits fructose 1,6-biphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP)
51
What is the fifth step of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
triosephosphate isomerase enzyme converts Dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (G3P)
52
What is the mnemonic for glycolysis?
```
Goodness
Gracious!
Father
Franklin
Didn't
Go
Buy
Perfect
Pumpkins to
Prepare
Pies
```
53
What is the mnemonic for glycolysis enzymes?
```
Hungry
Peter
Pan
And
The
Growling
Pink
Panther
Eat
Pies
```
54
How many steps are in the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
5 steps
55
What is the sixth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
triose phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme converts glyceraldehyde phopshate to produce 1,3biphosphoglycerate and 2 NADH + H+ as the NAD+ picks up electrons as GAP is getting oxidized and phosphorylated
56
What is the seventh step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
phosphoglycerokinase removes a phosphate group from 2 1,3 biphosphoglycerate molecules and adds it to ATP to make 2ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
57
How many times does the energy payoff phase happen in glycolysis?
2 times
58
What is the eighth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
phosphoglyceromutase transfers remaining phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate to the center carbon of the same molecule to make it less stable to make 2-phosphoglycerate
59
What is the ninth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
enolase removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate (2x from the 2 pyruvate) to form 2 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) molecules
60
What is the tenth step of the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
pyruvate kinase transfers the 2 phosphates from the 2 PEP molecules to make 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP
61
What happens to pyruvate before it goes into the Krebs cycle?
pyruvate turn into acetal coA
62
What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?
decarboxylation
63
What happens in decarboxylation?
removal of CO2 from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde (toxic to cell)
64
What is the second step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?
transfer of electrons to reduce NAD+ to NADH to form acetate
65
What is the third step in the conversion of pyruvate to acetal coA?
coenzyme A (vitamin B5) is added to the molecule to produce acetyl CoA
66
What is the mnemonic for the steps in the Krebs cycle?
Anaheim, our city is kept safe and sound from malice obsession
67
During cellular respiration in general, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?
glucose is oxidized to become CO2 and oxygen is reduced as it accepts electrons and recruits protons from proton gradient to form H2O
68
Is cellular respiration overall an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
exergonic
69
Does NAD+ function as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?
oxidizing agent because it accepts electron
70
What process directly harnesses the light energy from the sun?
photosynthesis
71
Where does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
72
What is cellular respiration for?
the process that extracts the energy from the organic molecules produced from photosynthesis
73
What is the input molecule for cellular respiration?
glucose
74
Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?
intermembrane space (space between the membrane of the matrix and the membrane of the mitochondria)
75
In which cycle do a small amount of ATP get produced?
glycolysis and Krebs cycle
76
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
single enzymatic reaction will produce a single molecule of ATP
77
Which process occurs in nearly all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
glycolysis
78
Glycolysis not needing oxygen to work, suggests what in terms of evolution?
probably developed before there was oxygen in the atmosphere
79
What happens in the energy payoff phase?
2 GAP turns into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 H2O
80
How many ATP invested in the energy investment phase in glycolysis?
2ATP
81
How many ATP created in the energy payoff phase?
4 ATP but only count 2ATP because the 2ATP is used in the first stage of glycolysis
82
Why does the pyruvate have to turn into acetal coA?
to get into the mitochondria
83
How many times does the citric acid cycle happen?
2 times
84
How many ATP does citric acid cycle produce?
2 ATP in total (after 2 turns)
85
How many NADH is being made in citric acid cycle in total (after two cycles)?
6 NADH (3 per cycle)
86
How many FADH2 is being made in the citric acid cycle in total (after two cycles)?
2 FADH2 (1 per cycle)
87
Why is there more NADH being produced in the citric acid cycle than FADH2?
NADH carries more energy pent up in the molecular form that can donate more energy later
88
How many steps does the citric acid cycle take?
8 steps
89
What is the first step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversabile)
```
citrate synthase (IRREVERSABLE)
oxaloacetate + acetal CoA ---> citrate
```
90
How much of the carbon from glycolysis stays at the end of the citric acid cycle?
no more carbon left
91
What is the final organic molecule created from the Krebs cycle?
oxaloacetate
92
What is the second step in the citric acid cycle?
isomerase converts citrate into isocitrate
93
What is the third step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversible)
isocitrate dehydrogenase adds hydrogen to NAD+ to form NADH+ and a-ketoglutarate with CO2 as a waste product
94
What is the fourth step in the citric acid cycle? (irreversible)
a-ketoglutarates dehydrogenase adds hydrogen to NAD+ to form NADH and succinyl coA with CO2 as a waste product
95
What is the fifth step in the citric acid cycle?
succinal coA synthase created succinate and ATP
96
What is the sixth step in the citric acid cycle?
succinate dehydrogenase creates fumarate and adds a hydrogen to FAD+ to make FADH2
97
What is the seventh step in the citric acid cycle?
fumarase creates malate by adding water
98
What is the eighth step in the citric acid cycle?
malate dehydrogenase creates NADH by adding H to NAD+ and also creates oxaloacetate
99
What can glycolysis produce if there is too much ATP produced by taking a different pathway called _____ synthesis?
glycogen
100
What else can the citric acid cycle produce?
before the citric acid, acetal coA can become urea, or fatty acids via beta oxidation (lipid breakdown), ketogenesis (lipid metabolism), and even lipid synthesis (palmitate)
101
Why do FADH2 and NADH donate electrons in oxidative phosphorylation?
electroneagtivity of the oxygen (electron acceptor that wants to hoard the H+)
102
What kind of energy does the proton pump generate?
potential energy
103
Where is the electron transport chain taking place?
intermembrane space (aka inner membrane)
104
What are cytochromes?
old family of enzymes that contain iron ions (called heme)
105
Does the electron transport chain generate energy?
NO
106
How many ATP does 1 NADH produce?
2.5 ATP
107
How many ATP does 1 FADH2 produce?
1.5 ATP
108
What are prosthetic groups?
areas of molecules and proteins that engage in redox reactions (cytochromes for example)
109
Is coQ a part of the 4 complexes of the etc?
no, it is not a protein component
110
Is CoQ lipid soluble or not?
yes, that means it is NOT protein based
111
Which two complexes don't work sequentially?
complex I and complex II since the electron can either go to 1 or 2 (parallel system)
112
What two complexes work sequentially?
complex III and complex IV
113
What is the first step of the etc chain?
NADH donates proton (and electron) to complex I
FMN (flavin mononucleotide) gets reduced and passes electron to iron sulfur cluster as 4 H+ gets released into intermembrane space
114
What are iron sulfur clusters?
evolutionary old structural format system that allows electrons be moved (engage in redox reactions)
115
What is the second step of the etc chain?
electrons flow to coQ (non protein component)
| coQ becomes reduced to coQH2
116
What is the third step in the etc chain?
if coQ picks up electrons, then it heads over to complex III
for complex II, its called succinate dehydrogenase
FAD+ integrated into it gets reduced into FADH electrons get picked up by iron sulfur cluster
117
What is the fourth step in the etc?
coQ picks up electrons to become coQH
118
What is the fifth step in the etc?
electrons go to cytochrome b , iron sulfur cluster picks up electrons and then those electrons get transferred to mobile water soluble cyt. c to release 4 H+
119
What is the is sixth step in the etc?
cyt.c shuttles electrons from complex III to complex IV
120
What is the seventh step in the etc?
cyt. c brings over the electrons and adds to copper (pump 2 H+ out) so that oxygen comes by as the final electron acceptor to make water as a waste product
121
What is the first step in chemiosmosis?
flow of ion gradient as potential energy, atp synthase converts the energy from the ion gradient and stores it in ATP
122
What is the "proton motor force"?
another term for chemiosmosis
123
Why would a cell choose to use fermentation?
accomplish the goal to regenerate electron carriers in the oxidative form (NAD+ and FAD+)
124
Is fermentation slow-acting or fast-acting?
slow-acting
125
What are the two options for fermentation?
alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation
126
What is the first step in alcohol fermentation?
glucose to pyruvate (glycolysis) that generate 2 net ATP and 2 NADH
127
What is the second step in alcohol fermentation?
pyruvate gets decarboxylated to 2 acetaldehyde (toxic) + NAD+ and 2 CO2 as a waste product
128
What is the third step in alcohol fermentation?
2 acetaldehyde gets converted into 2 ethanol as NADH gets converted back to NAD+ to give up electrons for ethanol to accept
129
Where is alcohol fermentation used?
yeast used in brewing, winemaking, baking
130
What is the first step in alcohol fermentation?
glycolysis (2 pyruvates, 2NADH, 2ATP)
131
What is the second step in lactate fermentation?
NO DECARBOXILATION NO CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED, pyruvates reduced (accepts electrons from NADH) and becomes 2 lactate
132
Which fermentation process doesn't produce carbon dioxide as a waste product?
lactic acid fermentation
133
When is lactic acid fermentation used?
muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when oxygen was scarce
134
What is the final electron acceptor in respiration?
oxygen
135
What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
the organic molecule (can either be ethanol or lactate)
136
How much ATP does cellular respiration usually produce per glucose molecule?
38 ATP
137
How much ATP does fermentation usually produce per glucose molecule?
2 ATP
138
What is the B2 vitamin?
FAD raw material
139
What is the B3 vitamin?
NAD raw material
140
What is the B1 vitamin?
giving raw material cofactors for efficiency of the cycle
141
What is the B5 vitamin?
pantothenic acid, building block for coA
142
What is the B6 vitamin?
pyridoxamine, breaks down glycogen to get sugar rings
143
What is the B9 vitamin?
folate/ folic acid, byproducts produce amino acids
144
What is the B12 vitamin?
with the help of B9, used for porphyrin rings (structure like heme) Fe in the middle = heme, Mg in the middle = chlorophyll
145
Where is heme located in the cell cycle?
cytochrome c
