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Radt 1303 Physics > Chapter 6 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Exam Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Involves the K-shell (first shell around the nucleus, has the strongest binding energy)
Only the interactions involving K-shell are of sufficient energy to be useful

A

Characteristics Interactions

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2
Q

If its energy is greater than the binding energy from the orbital electron, It is removed from orbit

A

A filament electron

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3
Q

when the filament electron removes the K-shell electron and the outer-shell electrons drop to fill inner-shell vacancies
This interaction is happening on the anode target

A

Cascade effect

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4
Q

Characteristic is only x-ray production that uses _______ (in the tube)

A

cascade

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5
Q

A tungsten atom has ___ electrons in ___ different shells

A

74, 6

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6
Q

K-shell electrons in tungsten have the strongest binding energy at ____ keV

A

69.5 keV

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7
Q

_______ is the majority of our x-ray photons
The majority of the x-rays in the primary beam are ______

A

Brems

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8
Q

How many characteristic x-ray photons are created at 59 keV?

A

0, it has to be 69.5 or higher

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9
Q

what does bremsstrahlung mean in German?

A

breaking or slowing down

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10
Q

Filtration, IR, and high speed imaging are part of:

A

radiation protection

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11
Q

The filtration total must total ______ of aluminum equivalent

A

2.5mm

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12
Q

Beam quantities main contributing factor is:

A

mAs, quantity decreases as we increase distance

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13
Q

If kVp is doubled, the intensity (quantity) increases by a factor of:

A

four

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14
Q

raising kVp does or doesn’t create more x-rays?

A

doesn’t

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15
Q

what is increased when kVp is raised? which allows more of the original x-rays to make it through the filters

A

quality

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16
Q

If you bump up ____ it is like turning up the stove and boiling more electrons off of the filament

A

mA

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17
Q

What is bad for quality and quantity?

A

distance

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18
Q

which has more interactions, brems or characteristics?

A

brems

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19
Q

A filament electron interacts with an outer-shell electron of tungsten but does not remove it. Which of the following is produced? 50keV photon, 70 keV photon, heat, brems photon

A

Heat

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20
Q

At what point in the interaction chain of events is a characteristic photon produced?

A

Outer-shell electron filling inner-shell vacancy

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21
Q

A filament electron enters a tungsten target atom with an energy of 70 kVp. It interacts first with an L-shell electron, then with a K-shell electron. Which of the following are produced? 1. K-characteristic x-ray photon, 2. L-characteristic x-ray photon, 3. heat. 1 & 2, 1& 3, 2 & 3, 1, 2, & 3

A

2 & 3 only

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22
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an O-shell electron fills a K-shell vacancy?

A

69.42 KeV

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23
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an L-shell electron fills a K-shell vacancy?

A

57.4 KeV

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24
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an M-shell electron fills an L-shell vacancy?

A

9.28 KeV

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25
What is the energy of an x-ray photon produced when an O-shell electron fills and L-shell vacancy?
12.02 KeV
26
Which of the following is a major source of occupational exposure?
Compton interactions
27
Which interaction, within the diagnostic range, does not involve the removal of an orbital electron?
Classical scattering
28
Which interaction requires 1.02 MeV of energy?
Pair production
29
A photon of 10 MeV colliding with a nucleus will likely result in what type of interaction?
Photodisintegration
30
Which technique will produce the greatest number of photodisintegration events in an average abdomen? 120 kV and 5 mAs, 108 kV and 10 mAs, 98 kV and 20 mAs, none of the above
None of the above
31
Which of the following events will not occur in the diagnostic range of x-ray energies? Classical, compton, photoelectric, photodisintegration
Photodisintegration
32
Positive contrast media is administered to increase what type of interactions?
Photoelectric
33
Which of the following contributes most to image fog? Classical, photoelectric, pair production, compton
Compton
34
Which interaction in the diagnostic range involves the total absorption of the incident photon?
Photoelectric effect
35
When the kV selected is equal to or slightly greater than the inner-shell binding energy of a target tissue atom, which interaction predominates?
photoelectric
36
The filament electrons interact with target atoms to produce x-rays in the following two ways:
characteristic interactions & bremsstrahlung (brems) interactions
37
Energy is “characteristic” or dependent on the difference in binding energy between the shells involved
Characteristic photons
38
The filament electron misses all the orbital electrons and interacts with the nucleus of the target atom The attraction causes the filament electron to slow down and change direction, and in doing so it loses kinetic energy
bremsstrahlung interactions
39
how can the energy of a brems photon can be found?
by subtracting the energy that the filament electron leaves the atom with from the energy it had upon entering
40
With a tungsten target, most of the photons produced are:
brems
41
Essential to the tube head assembly The target window is the primary contributor
inherent filtration
42
In a general radiography tube head assembly, this filtration comes in the form of another 2.0 mm Al placed between the target window and the top of the collimator
added filtration
43
The combination of inherent and added filtration
total filration
44
Adjust for variations in patient thickness or density and create a more uniform exposure to the IR Attach to the bottom of the collimator or placed adjacent to or on the anatomic part of interest
compensating filters
45
the total number of x-ray photons in a beam affected by mAs, kVp, distance, and filtration
beam quantity
46
increase in mAs ______ quantity
increases
47
increase in kVp ______ quantity
increases
48
increase in distance _______ quantity
decreases
49
increase in filtration _______ quantity
decreases
50
The penetrating power of the x-ray beam
Beam quality
51
This refers to those x-ray photons that are transmitted through the body and reach the image receptor
penetration
52
serves to remove the lower-energy photons, making the average energy higher
filtration
53
measures beam quality defined as the thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one-half its original intensity found by measuring beam intensity with a radiation detector
half value layer (HVL)
54
what is the normal HVL of a diagnostic beam?
3-5 mm Al
55
Refers to the x-ray beam as it is upon exiting the collimator and exposing the patient
primary beam
56
Refers to the x-ray beam that remains after interaction with the patient and is exiting the patient to expose the image receptor
remnant beam
57
illustrates characteristic x-ray production. Called this because the photon energies are limited to just a few exact values
discrete emission spectrum
58
Produced when outer-shell electrons fill inner-shell vacancies in atoms Named for the shell being filled; there are a number of bars at each level (K, L, M, etc.) representing the energy variations depending on the shells involved
characteristic photons
59
Brems photons illustrates brems x-ray production X-axis: energy Y-axis: number of photons A graph of brems photons creates a bell-shaped continuum
continuous emission spectrum
60
x-ray emission spectrum Y-axis changes indicate:
changes in quantity
61
x-ray emission spectrum X-axis changes indicate:
changes in quality
62
Five factors change the appearance of the x-ray emission spectrum:
mA, kVp, tube filtration, generator type, and target material
63
An increase in mA ________ the amplitude of both the continuous and discrete portions of the spectrum
increases
64
An increase in kVp ________ the amplitude of both continuous and discrete portions of the spectrum and shifts the right side of the curve to the right along the x-axis
increases
65
What happens to x-ray production when you change the generator type?
High-frequency units are more efficient in producing x-rays than single-phase units
66
Target materials: As the atomic number (Z number) of the target material _______, so does the average energy, quantity of photons, and the position of the discrete line of the spectrum
increases
67
increase in mA _____ quantity and _____ quality
increases, no effect
68
increase in kVp _____ quantity and _____ quality
increases, increases
69
increase in tube filtration _____ quantity and _____ quality
decreases, increases
70
increase in generator type _____ quantity and _____ quality
increases, increases
71
increase in target material _____ quantity and _____ quality
increases, increases
72
K shell binding energy for tungsten:
69.5 keV
73
L shell binding energy for tungsten:
12.1 keV
74
M shell binding energy for tungsten:
2.82 keV
75
N shell binding energy for tungsten:
0.6 keV
76
O shell binding energy for tungsten:
0.08 keV
77
P shell binding energy for tungsten:
0.008 keV
78
when characteristic x-rays are produced, the energy of the x-rays is characteristic of:
the atomic number of the target
79
Approximately how much of a filament electron's kinetic energy is used to produce x-rays instead of heat?
1%
80
when a bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced:
a projectile electron loses energy
81
within diagnostic range, which type of interaction produces the majority of x-rays?
bremsstralung
82
in a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube operated at 90 kVp, the most abundant x-rays would be at:
30 keV
83
the area under the curve of the x-ray emission spectrum represents:
the quantity
84
the x-ray emission spectrum is a plot of:
the number of x-rays versus energy
85
which factor has greatest control over the quality of x-rays?
kVp

Radt 1303 Physics (8 decks)

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