Chapter 6 - Groups and Organizations

Question 1

What term refers to any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who she a sense that their identity is somehow aligned? (club)

Answer 1

A group

Question 2

What terms refers to people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, but who do not interact or share a sense of identity? (Starbuck’s Line)

Answer 2

Aggregate or Crowd

Question 3

What is the term for people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way? (Millennials)

Answer 3

Category

Question 4

Who suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary?

Answer 4

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 5

What group (as described by Cooley) is usually fairly small and made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways? (family)

Answer 5

Primary Groups

Question 6

What term describes when something serves for emotional needs?

Answer 6

an expressive function

Question 7

What group (as described by Cooley) is often larger and impersonal and may also be task-focused and time-limited? (office/classroom)

Answer 7

Secondary Group

Question 8

What term describes when something serves for a more goal or task oriented need?

Answer 8

Instrumental Function

Question 9

What group (as described by Sumner) is a group someone doesn’t belong to, potentially feeling disdain or competition in relation to?

Answer 9

out-group

Question 10

Who developed the concepts of in-group and out-group?

Answer 10

William Sumner

Question 11

What group (as described by Sumner) is the group that an individual feels they belong to and believe to be an integral part of who they are?

Answer 11

in-group

Question 12

What is a group that people compare themselves to providing a standard of measurement?

Answer 12

A reference group

Question 13

Who wrote extensively about the difference between a dyad and a triad?

Answer 13

Georg Simmel

Question 14

What is the term for a group of two, where if one person withdraws, it no loner exists?

Answer 14

dyad

Question 15

What is the term for a group of three, that can still exists if a member leaves, or can have 2v1 dynamics?

Answer 15

triad

Question 16

What term refers to the main goal of the leader, which may be instrumental or expressive?

Answer 16

Leadership Function

Question 17

What type of leader is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks?

Answer 17

An instrumental leader

Question 18

What type of leader is more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported?

Answer 18

An expressive leader

Question 19

What is the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit actions from group members?

Answer 19

leadership style

Question 20

What are the three types of leadership styles?

Answer 20

Democratic, laissez-faire and authoritarian

Question 21

What type of leader encourages group participation in decisions and works to build consensus?

Answer 21

Democratic leaders

Question 22

What type of leader is hands-off, allowing group members to self-manage and make their own decisions?

Answer 22

Laissez-faire

Question 23

What type of leader issues orders and assigns tasks with little to no feedback from group members?

Answer 23

Authoritarian leaders

Question 24

What is the extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations?

Answer 24

Conformity

Question 25

What term defines the situation in which people are less likely to interfere during an emergency or violation of a norm when others are around?

Answer 25

Bystander effect

Question 26

Schools, Businesses, Healthcare, Government (large, impersonal) are all what types of organizations?

Answer 26

Formal Organizations

Question 27

Who proposed that formal organizations have three categories?

Answer 27

Amitai Etzioni

Question 28

What type of organization is based on shared interest and had voluntary membership?

Answer 28

Normative/ Voluntary organizations

Question 29

What type of organization does some need to be coerced or pushed to join? (prison, rehab,etc)

Answer 29

Coercive organizations

Question 30

a coercive organization where inmates or military soldiers live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Answer 30

total institutions

Question 31

What type of organization is contractually joined because of the need for a specific material reward? (HS=diploma, work=money)

Answer 31

Utilitarian organization

Question 32

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and impersonality?

Answer 32

bureaucracy

Question 33

what refers to the clear chain of command in bureaucracies?

Answer 33

hierarchy of authority

Question 34

what is it called when each individual has a specialized task to perform?

Answer 34

clear division of labor

Question 35

what is it called when a bureaucracy has rules that are outlined, written down and standardized?

Answer 35

explicit rules

Question 36

what is it called when you take personal feelings out of professional situations?

Answer 36

impersonality

Question 37

what bureaucracy's membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills rather than nepotism or random choice?

Answer 37

meritocracies

Question 38

what is the theory for when an entire organization is ruled by a few elites rather than collaboration?

Answer 38

iron rule of oligarchy

Question 39

What term refers to the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions, including government, education and relationships?

Answer 39

McDonaldization of Society