Chapter 6: Human Body Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
A
Abdomen
2
Q
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
A
Acetabulum
3
Q
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called the thyroid cartilage
A
Adams apple
4
Q
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
A
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
5
Q
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
A
Adrenal gland
6
Q
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenalin; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
A
adrenergic
7
Q
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
A
Aerobic metabolism
8
Q
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breath’s, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
A
Agonal gasps
9
Q
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
A
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
10
Q
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
A
alveoli
11
Q
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid
A
Anaerobic metabolism
12
Q
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
A
Anatomic position
13
Q
The main artery leading the left side of the heart and caring freshly oxygenated blood to the body
A
Aorta
14
Q
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
A
Appendicular skeleton
15
Q
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
A
Appendix
16
Q
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
A
Arterioles
17
Q
April he layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
A
Articular cartilage
18
Q
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
A
Atrium
19
Q
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
A
Autonomic nervous system
20
Q
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
A
Axial skeleton
21
Q
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
A
Ball and socket joint
22
Q
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
A
Beta adrenergic receptors
23
Q
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
A
Biceps
24
Q
The ducts that convey pile between the liver and the intestine
A
Bile ducts
25
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood pressure BP
26
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
27
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
Brain
28
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
Brainstem
29
The tiny blood vessel's between arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels
30
The heart muscle
Cardiac muscle
31
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac output CO
32
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid artery
33
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
34
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
35
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system CNS
36
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements
Cerebellum
37
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
38
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
Cerebrum
39
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that light in the neck
Cervical spine
40
Thin band of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
41
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all of the eaten Foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
42
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
43
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
Clavicle
44
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
Coccyx
45
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal plane
46
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain
Cranium
47
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
48
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Circothyroid membrane
49
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead space
50
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
51
A muscular done that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
52
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
53
Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
54
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
55
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsal's
Dorsalis pedis artery
56
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
Endocrine system
57
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
58
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
Epidermis
59
A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
60
A hormone produced by the adrenal Medulla that has a vital role in the function of sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
61
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
62
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man
Expiratory reserve volume
63
The straightening of a joint
Extension
64
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
Fallopian tube
65
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs it can be palpated in the groin area
Femoral artery
66
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Femoral head
67
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
68
The bending of a joint
Flexion
69
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
70
The portion of the cranium that forms the forhead
Frontal bone
71
A sack on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
72
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital system
73
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
74
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the tie, just below the hip joint
Greater torchanter
75
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
76
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
77
The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually one minute
Heart rate HR
78
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restricted motion to one plane
Hinge joints
79
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormones
80
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
81
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
Hydrostatic pressure
82
A back up system to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
Hypoxic drive
83
One of three bones that fuses to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
84
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior Vena cava
85
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
86
The space between the cells
Interstitial space
87
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
Involuntary muscle
88
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
89
The place where two bones come into contact
Joint (articulation)
90
The fibrous sack that encloses a joint
Joint capsule
91
To retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
Kidneys
92
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
Labored breathing
93
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
Lactic acid
94
The portion of the digestive tube that in circles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the Colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and illuminate solid waste
Large intestine
95
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
Lesser torchanter
96
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
Ligament
97
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate used by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
98
The lower part of the back formed by the lowest 5 non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
Lumbar spine
99
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph
100
Tiny, oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
Lymph nodes
101
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
102
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
103
The upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
104
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, reading, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
105
The bio chemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism( cellular respiration)
106
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
107
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Mid sagittal plane (midline)
108
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
Minute volume
109
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
110
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
111
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
Mucus
112
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal system
113
The heart muscle
Myocardium
114
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
Nasopharynx
115
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
116
In Neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through it's Alpha stimulator properties
Norepinephrine
117
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
118
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
119
The eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
120
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
121
Female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)
Ovaries
122
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
123
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the Vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nervous system
124
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal bones
125
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Patella
126
The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
127
The circulation of oxygenated blood within the organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs
Perfusion
128
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral nervous system PNS
129
The wave like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
130
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
131
Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
132
The serous membrane's covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura
133
And organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the Madullary respiratory center
Pons
134
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
Posterior tibial artery
135
A small gland that surround the urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
Prostate gland
136
A hard, Bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lower most portion of the abdomen where the 2 halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
137
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
138
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood
Pulmonary artery
139
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary circulation
140
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
141
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Pulse
142
The major artery in the forearm it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
Radial artery
143
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
144
The lower most end of the colon
Rectum
145
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
Red blood cells
146
A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
Renal pelvis
147
The air is that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
148
The inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiological process the exchange is carbon dioxide from fresh air
Respiration
149
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
Respiratory compromise
150
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
Respiratory system
151
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal
Reticular activating system
152
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
153
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
154
One of 3 bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five infused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
155
And imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plane
156
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
Salivary gland
157
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
Scalp
158
The shoulder blade
Scapula
159
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shaft of the hairs
Sebaceous glands
160
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
Semen
161
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
Seminal vesicles
162
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain in the body to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves
163
And abnormal state associated with in adequate oxygen and nutrients delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypoperfusion
Shock
164
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
Shoulder girdle
165
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
Skeletal muscle
166
The framework that gives the body it's recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
Skeleton
167
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
168
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscle
169
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
170
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes examples are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels
Sphincters
171
A device used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
172
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord
Spinal cord
173
The breastbone
Sternum
174
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
Stratum corneal layer
175
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume SV
176
Tissue, Largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
177
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and just into the heart
Superior Vena cava
178
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
Sweat glands
179
A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphysis
180
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial "fluid
181
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
Synovial membrane
182
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
183
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move with in the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic vascular resistance SVR
184
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
185
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal bones
186
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
187
A male genital gland that contains the specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
188
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
189
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
Thoracic spine
190
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
191
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple
Thyroid Cartilage
192
The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
193
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
Tidal volume
194
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic anatomy
195
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
196
And imaginary line where the party is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (axial) plane
197
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Triceps
198
The middle and thickest layer of the tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allowed the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica media
199
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
Ulna
200
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the Bladder
Ureter
201
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
202
A sack behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
203
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
Urinary system
204
A muscular, distendable double tube that connects the uterus with the Vulva; also called the birth canal
Vagina
205
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
Vasa diferentia
206
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
Ventilation
207
One of two lower chambers of the heart
Ventricle
208
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
209
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated muscle
Voluntary muscle
210
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
White blood cells
211
The Nero, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
212
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings that sphenoid bone
zygomas
