Chapter 6 (I)

Question 1

what type of cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves?

Answer 1

skeletal cartilage

Question 2

what does water lend in skeletal cartilage?

Answer 2

lend resiliency

Question 3

what surrounds the skeletal cartilage and contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery?

Answer 3

perichondrium

Question 4

what does perichondrium resist?

Answer 4

outward expansion

Question 5

all skeletal cartilages contain ______ in lacunae and extracellular matrix.

Answer 5

chondrocytes

Question 6

what cartilage provides support, flexibility, and resilience?

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage

Question 7

what fibers do hyaline cartilage contain?

Answer 7

collagen ONLY

Question 8

what type of cartilage is found in the articular, costal (ribs), respiratory, and nasal cartilage?

Answer 8

hyaline cartilage

Question 9

what fibers do elastic cartilage contain?

Answer 9

elastic fibers

Question 10

what cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

Answer 10

elastic cartilage

Question 11

what type of cartilage do fibrocartilage have?

Answer 11

thick collagen fibers

Question 12

what cartilage is found in the menisci of knee and vertebral discs?

Answer 12

fibrocartilage

Question 13

what cartilage growth has cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage?

Answer 13

appositional growth

Question 14

what cartilage growth has chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within?

Answer 14

interstitial growth

Question 15

what occurs during normal bone growth and hardens cartilage?

Answer 15

calcification

Question 16

what shapes are bones classified by?

Answer 16

long, short, flat, irregular

Question 17

what are the functions of bones?

Answer 17

mineral and growth factor storage
blood cell formation in red marrow
fat storage in bone cavities 
hormone production
support, protection, movement

Question 18

what regulates bone formation, protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

osteocalcin

Question 19

how are bones considered organs?

Answer 19

contain different types of tissues

Question 20

what are 2 different bone textures?

Answer 20

compact and spongy

Question 21

what bone has a dense outer layer that is smooth and solid?

Answer 21

compact bone

Question 22

what bone has a honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae?

Answer 22

spongy bone

Question 23

what structure of bone does this describe?

thin plates of spongy covered by compact
plates sandwiched btwn connective tissue membrane
no shaft/epiphyses
bone marrow throughout spongy
hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

Answer 23

short, irregular, and flat bones

Question 24

what structure of bone does this describe?

tubular shaft forms long axis
compact surround medullary cavity

Answer 24

diaphysis long bone

Question 25

what structure of bone does this describe? bone ends external compact, internal spongy articular cartilage covers articular surface btwn epiphyseal line

Answer 25

epiphyses long bone

Question 26

what is a epiphyseal line

Answer 26

remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate

Question 27

what has a white, double layered membrane and many nerve fibers and blood vessels?

Answer 27

periosteum

Question 28

what does the periosteum cover?

Answer 28

external surfaces except joint surfaces

Question 29

what does the outer layer of the periosteum have?

Answer 29

dense irregular connective tissue | sharpey's fibers

Question 30

what does the osteogenic layers of the periosteum contain?

Answer 30

primitive stem cells (osteogenic cells)

Question 31

periosteum is an anchoring point for ______ and ______.

Answer 31

anchoring point for tendons and ligaments

Question 32

what layer abuts the bone?

Answer 32

osteogenic layer

Question 33

what fiber secures the bone matrix?

Answer 33

sharpey's fibers

Question 34

what has a delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces?

Answer 34

endosteum

Question 35

what does the endosteum cover? | what does the endosteum line?

Answer 35

covers trabeculae of spongy bone | lines canals that pass through compact bone

Question 36

what cells do endosteum contain and what can they do?

Answer 36

contain osteogenic cells and can differentiate into other bone cells

Question 37

what is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones?

Answer 37

red marrow

Question 38

where is red marrow found in newborns?

Answer 38

medullary cavities and spongy bones

Question 39

where is red marrow found in adult bones?

Answer 39

femur and humerus

Question 40

which bones have little red marrow?

Answer 40

adult long bones

Question 41

where is red marrow most active?

Answer 41

diploe and irregular bones

Question 42

yellow marrow can be converted to what when necessary?

Answer 42

red marrow

Question 43

what are sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces?

Answer 43

bone markings

Question 44

what are the 3 categories of bone markings?

Answer 44

projections depressions openings

Question 45

what are conduits for blood vessels and nerves?

Answer 45

bone markings

Question 46

what bone marking indicates stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications?

Answer 46

projections

Question 47

what bone marking usually allows nerves and blood vessels to pass?

Answer 47

depressions and openings

Question 48

what are the 5 major cells of bone tissue?

Answer 48

1. osteogenic cells 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocytes 4. bone lining cells 5. osteoclasts

Question 49

osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

Answer 49

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

Question 50

what happens when osteogenic cells are stimulated?

Answer 50

differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells or some persist as osteogenic cells

Question 51

osteoblasts

Answer 51

bone forming cells | actively mitotic

Question 52

what do osteoblasts secrete?

Answer 52

unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid | includes collagen and calcium binding proteins

Question 53

osteocytes

Answer 53

mature bone cells in lacunae

Question 54

what do osteocytes monitor and maintain?

Answer 54

bone matrix

Question 55

what cells act as stress or strain sensors?

Answer 55

osteocytes

Question 56

what cells respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur?

Answer 56

osteocytes

Question 57

bone lining cells

Answer 57

flat cells on bone surfaces | help maintain matrix

Question 58

periosteal cells (bone lining cells) are located on what?

Answer 58

external bone surface

Question 59

endosteal cells (bone lining cells) line what?

Answer 59

line internal substances

Question 60

where are osteoclasts derived from? and what do they become?

Answer 60

derived from hematopoietic cells | become macrophages

Question 61

osteoclasts

Answer 61

giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption

Question 62

when actively resorbing (breaking down) bone, where do osteoclasts lie?

Answer 62

lie in a shallow depression they have carved out

Question 63

what cell has a distinctive ruffled border that increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix?

Answer 63

osteoclasts

Question 64

what is the structural unit of the compact bone?

Answer 64

osteon

Question 65

what is an elongated cylinder that is parallel to the long axis of bone?

Answer 65

osteon

Question 66

what are the hollow tubes of bone matrix called?

Answer 66

lamellae

Question 67

why do collagen fibers in adjacent rings of lamellae run in different directions?

Answer 67

to withstand stress and resist twisting

Question 68

what runs through the core of the osteon and contains blood vessels/nerve fibers?

Answer 68

central canal or haversian canal

Question 69

what canals are lined with endosteum at right angles to the central canal?

Answer 69

perforating (volkmann's) canals

Question 70

what do perforating (volkmann's) canals do?

Answer 70

connect blood vessels and nerves to periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

Question 71

what are small cavities that contain osteocytes?

Answer 71

lacunae

Question 72

what are hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal?

Answer 72

canaliculi

Question 73

how do osteoblasts secreting bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes?

Answer 73

cell projections with gap junctions

Question 74

when do the canaliculi form?

Answer 74

when matrix hardens and cell are trapped

Question 75

what allows communication and permits nutrients and wastes to be relayed from 1 osteocytes to another throughout osteon?

Answer 75

canaliculi

Question 76

what is an incomplete lamellae, not part of a complete osteon?

Answer 76

interstitial lamellae

Question 77

interstitial lamellae either fills gap between ______ or are remnants of ______ that have been cut through by bone remodeling.

Answer 77

fills gap between forming osteons | remnants of osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling

Question 78

what is located just deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum, and extend around entire surface of diaphysis?

Answer 78

circumferential lamellae

Question 79

what does circumferential lamellae do?

Answer 79

resist twisting of long bone

Question 80

which bone appears to be poorly organized?

Answer 80

spongy

Question 81

where do trabeculae align?

Answer 81

align along lines of stress

Question 82

which bone has no osteons?

Answer 82

spongy

Question 83

which bone has irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi?

Answer 83

spongy

Question 84

what do capillaries in the endosteum supply?

Answer 84

nutrients

Question 85

what is an osteoid and what is it made of?

Answer 85

what is it: 1/3 of organic bone matrix what is it made of: ground substance and collagen fibers

Question 86

what do osteoids provide?

Answer 86

structure, strength, flexibility

Question 87

resilience of bone is due to ______ in or between collagen molecules.

Answer 87

sacrificial bonds

Question 88

why do sacrificial bonds stretch and break easily on impact?

Answer 88

to dissipate energy and prevent fracture

Question 89

what happens to sacrificial bonds if there is no additional trauma?

Answer 89

bonds re-form

Question 90

what does the organic component of the bone contain?

Answer 90

cells and osteoid

Question 91

what does the inorganic component of the bone contain?

Answer 91

hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

Question 92

what are hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) mainly made of?

Answer 92

tiny calcium phosphate in/around collagen fibers

Question 93

what are hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) responsible for?

Answer 93

hardness/resistance to compression

Question 94

what is half as strong as steel in resisting compression? | what is as strong as steel in resisting tension?

Answer 94

bone

Question 95

why do bones last long after death?

Answer 95

mineral composition

Question 96

what do bones reveal?

Answer 96

info about ancient people

Question 97

what do bones display?

Answer 97

growth arrest lines- horizontal lines on bones that provide proof of illness