Chapter 6 (lectures 8-10) Flashcards
(42 cards)
Frontal Lobe
decision making and critical thought
Central sulcus
separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
Parietal lobe
Integrates visual signals
Wernicke’s area
speech understanding
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex
Broca’s area
Speech production
Divisions of the nervous system
1) central NS: nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
2) periphral NS: nerve tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
Functional types of neruons
1) sensory (afferent) neurons: send signals from the senses to the CNS
2) motor (efferent) neurons: carry signals from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery
Motor Unit
- a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
- generally, the fewer fibers in the motor unit, the more precise the moment
How can we increase force output?
1) Recruitment: simply recruit, or activate a greater number of motor units, usually activated and deactivated in sequence (size principle)
2) rate coding: to vary force by means of altering the frequency of motor unit firing , muscle force increases when the frequency of firing increases
Cerebellum
- receives afferent input from muscles, tendons, joints
- responsible for the regulation of force, range, and rate of movement
- associated problems” ataxia, gait disturbances
Basal ganglia
- involved in:
- retrieval and activation of movement plans
- scaling the amplitude of movement
- perceptual motor integration
- more recent evidence that the BG involved in cognitive processes such as memory and attention
- associated problems: huntington’s disease, parkinson’s disease
Motor cortex (primary)
- a band that stretches across the top of the cerebral cortex
- was the first place that localized brain function was found (penfield and rasmussen, 1950)
- appears to be a trigger for movement (one of the last areas to be active prior to movement)
Pre-motor cortex
- shown to send efferent signals to the proximal musculature
- helps with preplanning and stability
Supplementary motor cortex
- important in planning movements
- shown to be active before the premotor area
is practing with a weighted bat a good idea?
no, the player mentally feels like they hit better but they actually do not.
the brain adjusts for a different scenario than game scenarios
control system for open loop control
sensory system
-learned movements are translated into open loop control
How do we learn tasks that require open loop control?
start with closed loop control and feedback, and it is translated into open control
how does the executive know which muscles to activate
- timing
- force
The executive
-has a package of instructions called the program that gets sent to the effector
the effector
carries out the instructions sent from the executive
Response chaining hypothesis
- variant of open-loop control
- each subsequent movement was thought to be automatically triggered by response-produced afferent information from the muscles.
deafferentation
-disrupting the flow of sensory information into the body
Ian Waterman and proprioception
- 19yr old who contracted flu
- when he woke up he could not feel his body
- virus destroyed the dorsal nerves that carry sensory information
