Chapter 6 Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

The process of transforming what we perceive into an enduring memory

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

The process of maintaining info in memory over time

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

The process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 4

How are memories made

Answer 4

Memories made by combining info we already have in our brains with new info from our senses.
Memories are constructed, not recorded.

Question 5

Semantic encoding

Answer 5

The process of relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge already known

Question 6

Semantic, rhyme, and case judgements.

Answer 6

Semantic: Think about the meaning of the world.
Rhyme: What rhymes with the word
Case: look at the appearance of the word. (Capital or lowercase?

Question 7

Visual imagery encoding

Answer 7

The processor storing new by turning it into mental pictures

Question 8

Why is visual imagery encoding effective?

Answer 8

1. You connect incoming info with stuff you already know.
2. Two different triggers for the memory, the visual one and the verbal one.

Question 9

Organizational judgements

Answer 9

Process of categorizing info according to the relationship between the items.

Question 10

Sensory memory

Answer 10

A type of storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

Fast decaying store of visual info

Question 12

Echoing memory

Answer 12

Fast decaying store of auditory info

Question 13

Short-term memory

Answer 13

Holds nonsensory info for more for a few seconds but less than a minute

Question 14

Rehersal

Answer 14

The process of keeping info in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 15

Serial position effect

Answer 15

I’m a series, the first few and last few things are most likely to be remembered

Question 16

Enhanced recall of the first few items is called the…

Answer 16

Primacy effect

Question 17

Enhanced recall of the last few items is called the…

Answer 17

Recency effect

Question 18

How is the recency effect disrupted?

Answer 18

Interrupting rehearsal (having people count backwards by 3)

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Combining small pieces of info into larger clusters/chunks that are more easily held in short term memory

Question 20

Working memory

Answer 20

Active matinence of info in short term storage

Question 21

Long-term memory

Answer 21

Type of storage that holds info for hours, days, weeks, or years

Question 22

Damage to the temporal lobes and hippocampus can cause

Answer 22

Anterograde amnesia

Question 23

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

Can’t move short term memory to long term

Question 24

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

Can’t remember stuff from before the injury l

Question 25

Consolidation

Answer 25

The process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 26

Reconsolidation

Answer 26

Memories can be valuable when recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again

Question 27

Retrieval cue

Answer 27

External info that is associated with stored info and helps recall it

Question 28

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 28

A retrieval cue can be effective qhen it helps re-create how the info was originally encoded (Being in the same classroom for a test)

Question 29

State-dependent retrieval

Answer 29

Info is better recalled when person is in sake state during encoding (Emotions or sobriety)

Question 30

Explicit memory

Answer 30

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past memories

Question 31

Implicit memory

Answer 31

The influence of past experiences on later behaviors even without an effort to remember them. Given list including STORE. Later asked to fill in STO___, will likely say STORE and not STORK.

Question 32

Procedural memory

Answer 32

The gradual acquisition of a skill as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things. A kind of implicit memory Learning a skill, you remember how but can't really explain how to do it

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

Enhanced ability to think of something due to previous exposure to that thing. Lines that make a shape from a certain angle. You'll see it quicker if you've seen it before, even from a really long time ago.

Question 34

Two types of explicit memory

Answer 34

Semantic memory Episodic memory

Question 35

Semantic memory

Answer 35

A network of facts that make up our understanding of the world

Question 36

Episodic memory

Answer 36

Personal experiences that take place at a certain time and place Like a TV "episode" Important to imagination. Remix episodic memories for something new.

Question 37

Transience

Answer 37

Forgetting memories with the passage of time

Question 38

Qualities of memories lower over time, how do we compensate?

Answer 38

Remember what usually happens and try to reconstruct or guess from there.

Question 39

Retroactive interference

Answer 39

Later learning impairs memory for earlier memories

Question 40

Proactive interference

Answer 40

Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later

Question 41

Blocking

Answer 41

Failure to retrieve memory that is avaliable in your memory even if you're trying. "On the tip of your tongue"

Question 42

Prospective memory

Answer 42

Remembering to do something in the future

Question 43

Memory misattribution

Answer 43

Assigning a memory or idea to the wrong sourc

Question 44

Source memory

Answer 44

Recall of when, where, and how info was acquired

Question 45

Flashbulb memories

Answer 45

Detailed memories of where and when you heard about shocking events Ex. People remembering when they learned about 911

Question 46

Brain and memory: Hippocampus

Answer 46

Encoding station Short term > long term

Question 47

Brain and memory: Cerebral Cortex

Answer 47

Encoding info from sensory registers. Store semantic info.

Question 48

Brain and memory: Thalamus

Answer 48

Role unclear but damage caused retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Question 49

Brain and memory: Amygdala

Answer 49

Emotional aspects of memory

Question 50

Brain and memory: Cerebellum

Answer 50

Procedural memory