Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of brining to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

Question 5

Memory Illusion

Answer 5

False but subjectively compelling memory

Question 6

Forgetting

Answer 6

Deterioration in learned behaviour following a retention interval.

Question 7

Retention Interval

Answer 7

A period during which the learning or practice of a behaviour does not occur.

Question 8

Semantic Encoding

Answer 8

The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Question 9

Three Component Model of Memory

Answer 9

Sensory Memory, Short-term memory, Long term memory.

Question 10

Sensory Memory

Answer 10

Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory.

Question 11

Iconic Store/Memory

Answer 11

Visual sensory memory that only lasts about a second.

Question 12

Echoic Store/Memory

Answer 12

Auditory sensory memory that only lasts 5-10 seconds.

Question 13

Short-Term / Working Memory

Answer 13

Memory system that retains information for limited durations. What is currently being attended to, thought about, etc.

Question 14

Decay

Answer 14

Fading of information from memory over time.

Question 15

Interference

Answer 15

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information.

Question 16

Retroactive Interference

Answer 16

Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information.

Question 17

Proactive Interference

Answer 17

Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information.

Question 18

What the limit in Short-Term Memory?

Answer 18

Seven plus or minus two pieces of information.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short of short-term memory.

Question 20

Rehearsal

Answer 20

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory.

Question 21

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 21

Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory.

Question 22

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 22

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve short-term memory.

Question 23

Levels of Processing / Depth of Processing

Answer 23

A model of memory that posits the more deeply we process information, the better we are at remembering it.

Question 24

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 24

Relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences and skills. Larger capacity than STM.

Question 25

Permastore

Answer 25

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent.

Question 26

Primacy Effect

Answer 26

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well.

Question 27

Recency Effect

Answer 27

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well.

Question 28

Repeated Retrieval

Answer 28

Repeatedly trying to recall/use the material over time.

Question 29

Semantic Memory

Answer 29

Our knowledge of facts about the world

Question 30

Episodic Memory

Answer 30

Recollection of events in our lives

Question 31

Explicit Memory

Answer 31

Memories we recall intentionally and which we have conscious awareness.

Question 32

Implicit Memory

Answer 32

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously.

Question 33

Procedural Memory

Answer 33

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits.

Question 34

Priming

Answer 34

The activation of one concept by another.

Question 35

Semantic Priming

Answer 35

Semantically related words will result in faster reaction times.

Question 36

Memory as a Network of Associations

Answer 36

Theory that memory can be represented as a network of associated concepts.

Question 37

Engram

Answer 37

A hypothesized, physical trace of a memory within the brain.

Question 38

Long-Term Potentiation of Synapses (LTP)

Answer 38

A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.

Question 39

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 39

Loss of memory from our past.

Question 40

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 40

Inability to form new memories from our experiences.

Question 41

Consolidation

Answer 41

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.

Question 42

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 42

A degenerative brain disease that results in dementia.

Question 43

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 43

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age.

Question 44

Cryotomnesia

Answer 44

Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.

Question 45

Source Monitoring Confusion

Answer 45

A lack of clarity about the origin of a memory.

Question 46

Misinformation Effect

Answer 46

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.