Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

Wundt

Answer 1

Psychology is the science of consciousness

Question 2

Watson

Answer 2

Psychology is the science of behaviour.

Question 3

Behaviourism

Answer 3

Views behaviour as a function of evolved genetic and environmental forces.

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

A relationship between a specific event and simple response to that event.

Question 5

Primary Laws of the Reflex

Answer 5

1. Law of Threshold
2. Law of Intensity-Magnitude
3. Law of Latency

Question 6

Law of Threshold

Answer 6

There is a point below which no response is elicited and above a response always occurs.

Question 7

Law of Intensity-Magnitude.

Answer 7

Increases in stimulus intensity (or magnitude), also increase the intensity of the response.

Question 8

Law of Latency

Answer 8

The more intense a stimulus is, the faster the response is elicited.

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

A decrease in the intensity or probability of reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes that response.

Question 10

Fixed Action Patterns

Answer 10

A series of related acts found in (nearly) all member of a species.

Question 11

General Behaviour Traits

Answer 11

Any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influence by genes.

Question 12

Learning

Answer 12

A change in behaviour due to the environment

Question 13

Classical Conditioning

Answer 13

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to an automatic, conditioned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

Question 14

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 14

Classical Conditioning

Question 15

Unconditional Stimulus

Answer 15

An antecedent stimulus that elicits the behaviour called the unconditioned response without the need of any prior history of learning.

Question 16

Unconditional Response

Answer 16

The behaviour elicited by the antecedent stimulus called the unconditional stimulus without the need of any prior history of learning.

Question 17

Conditional Stimulus

Answer 17

A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response when it is contingently paired with a unconditioned stimulus.

Question 18

Conditional Response

Answer 18

The behaviour elicited by the antecedent stimulus called the conditioned stimulus.

Question 19

Probe Trial

Answer 19

More exposure = greater conditional responding

Question 20

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 20

The CS begins and US overlaps partially.

Question 21

Trace Conditioning

Answer 21

The CS begins and ends before the US.

Question 22

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 22

The CS and US begin and end at the same time.

Question 23

Backward Conditioning

Answer 23

The CS follows the US.

Question 24

Respondent Extinction

Answer 24

Presenting the conditional stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 25

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 25

An increase in the magnitude of the conditional response after respondent extinction has occurred and time has passed.

Question 26

Respondent/ Stimulus Generalization

Answer 26

When an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the CS that were not trained during acquisition.

Question 27

Respondent/ Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 27

When values of the CS, other than what was originally trained, elicit little to no conditioned response.

Question 28

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 28

A type of conditioning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus because of its contingent relationship with an already effective conditional stimulus.

Question 29

Aversion Therapy

Answer 29

A therapy in which a stimulus is contingently paired with a noxious stimulus.

Question 30

Operant Conditioning

Answer 30

The study of how consequences effect behaviour.

Question 31

Two Ways of Reinforcing

Answer 31

Add a stimulus, or remove a stimulus.

Question 32

Two Way of Punishing

Answer 32

Add of stimulus, remove a stimulus.

Question 33

Punishment

Answer 33

Must actually decrease behaviour to be considered a punishment.

Question 34

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 34

A stimulus or event that sets the occasion for reinforcement

Question 35

Discrimination

Answer 35

The effect of response being more likely to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimulus or event than its absence.

Question 36

Operant/Stimulus Generalization

Answer 36

When an organism responds to value of the discriminative stimulus that are different than the originally trained values.

Question 37

Operant Extinction

Answer 37

The procedure of withholding reinforcers that maintain a behaviour.

Question 38

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 38

The tendency fro extinguished behaviour to occur again in situations similar to those it had been previously reinforced after time has elapsed.

Question 39

Extinction Burst

Answer 39

A short-lived burst in responding following the initial exposure to extinction.

Question 40

Negative Punishment

Answer 40

The removal of something they already had NOT limiting their positive reinforcer.

Question 41

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 41

A rule describing the delivery of reinforment.

Question 42

Shaping

Answer 42

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behaviour.