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Physiology > Chapter 6 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Erasistratus

A

Father of physiology

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2
Q

William harvey

A

Demonstrated heart pumps through a system of closed vessels

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3
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Coined term homeostasis, ‘wisdom of the body’

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4
Q

August Krough

A

Krough principle - animals can be used to study human problems, comparative studies

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System - sections

A

Autonomic and somatic

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Part of PNS
Controls involuntary movement - smooth and cardiac muscle,glands, and GI neurons
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Two neuron chain b/w CNS and effector organ
Excitatory or inhibitory

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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

PNS - autonomic

Fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A

PNS - autonomic

Rest and digest

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9
Q

Somatic NS

A

Voluntary muscle movement except reflex arcs
Single neuron b/w CNS and skeletal muscle cells
Innervates skeletal muscle
Leads only to muscle excitation

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10
Q

Reflex arc steps

A

Stimulus - receptor - integrating center - effector - response

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11
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus and ribosomes

Receives and gathers all input from other neurons

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives input increases surface area
Info in form of NT
Undergo graded potential

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14
Q

Axon

A

Carries output to a target cell

AP travel to axon terminal can release NT

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15
Q

Myelin

A 
Covers axon 
Highly modified plasma membrane 
Made of proteins
Increases speed of AP 
Produced in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells 
Insulator - less ion leakage 
Reduces metabolic costs (energy used)
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16
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps b/w myelin where axon plasma membrane is exposed to extracellular fluid
Decreases number of potential changes which adds to speed

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17
Q

Axon Motor proteins

A

Kinesin- anterograde
Dynein - retrograde
Connected to micro tumbles

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18
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Kinesin protein
Cell body to axon terminal
Mvmt of nutrients, NT, enzymes, mitochondria
NT housed in secretory vesicles

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19
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Dynein protein
Axon terminal to cell body
Mvmt of recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors

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20
Q

Afferent neurons / sensory neurons

A

Carries info from tissues and organs (sensory receptors) to CNS

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21
Q

Efferent neurons / motor neurons

A

Carries info from CNS out to effector cells

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect neurons w/in the CNS

Most abundant

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23
Q

Nerve

A

Group of many nerve fibers traveling together in PNS

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24
Q

Nerve fiber

A

Axon of a neuron

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25
Synapse
Junction b/w two neurons where electrical activity in one neuron influences excitability of second
26
Glial Cells
``` Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Schwann cells ```
27
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin on axons in CNS
28
Astrocytes
Regulate composition of ECF in CNS Remove K+ ions and NT around synapses Help form BBB Provide glucose to neurons
29
Microglia
Specialized macrophages that perform immune functions in CNS
30
Ependymal cells
Formation of cerebral spinal fluid Line fluid filled cavities of brain and spinal cord Makes up choroid plexus in third ventricle
31
Schwann cells
Produces myelin in PNS
32
Resting Membrane Potential
-70 mV Established by Na+/K+ pump Inside: K+, slightly negative Outside: Na+, slightly positive
33
Sodium potassium pump
Creates and maintains electrical potential 3 Na out 2 K in Uses up to 40% cell ATP
34
Leaky Channels
Only moves one type of ion | Maintains correct potential difference
35
Polarize
Outside of the cell have a different charge (RMP)
36
Depolarized
Potential becomes less negative / closer to 0
37
Overshoot
Reverse of membrane potential | Inside become positive
38
Repolarize
Membrane potential that has been depolarized
39
Hyperpolarize
Potential is more negative than RMP
40
Graded potential
Occurs in all cells Confined to a really small region of membrane Magnitude of potential change varies with stimulus strength Decay overtime Can be excitatory or inhibitory
41
Action potential
Large alterations in memb. Potential -70 to +30 mV (larger than graded) Always returns to RMP Rapid: 1-4 sec. Only in excitable membranes: muscle and nervous
42
Sodium Voltage gated channels
Fast to respond to changes in memb. | Have inactivation gate (ball and chain)
43
Potassium voltage gated channels
Slower - causing hyperpolerization | No inactivation gate leading to slowness
44
Absolute refractory period
Membrane cannot produce another AP because Na+ channels are inactivated
45
Relative refractory period
VG K+ channels are open making it harder to depolarize to threshold 2nd AP can occur but only if stimulus is strong enough
46
How AP travels
Travels down axon if membrane is depolarized to threshold potential Opening of Na+ channels Can't move backwards because membrane is in a refractory period
47
Saltatory conduction
To leap
48
Synapse
Anatomically specialized action b/w two neurons | 100 trillion synapses in CNS
49
Convergence
Many neurons communicate with one secondary neuron
50
Divergence
One primary neuron communicates with many secondary neurons
51
Electrical synapse
Plasma membrane of pre and post synaptic cells are joined by gap junctions Continuing propagation of AP EX cardiac and smooth muscle
52
Chemical synapses
Chemical message in the form of NT is passed from the pre-synaptic neuron through the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic neuron
53
Two kinds of postsynaptic potential
Excitatory (EPSP) - depolarization, graded potential, + entering Inhibitory (IPSP) - hyperpolarization, graded potentials at beginning stages, -ve charged ion going in
54
Presynaptic proteins
Synaptotagmin | SNAREs
55
Synaptotagmin
Binding site for Ca
56
SNAREs
Keeps NT vesicles loosely attached to presynaptic memb.
57
Postsynaptic receptors
Ionotropic | Metabotropic
58
Ionotropic receptor
Ion channel postsynaptic receptors
59
Metabotropic receptors
Act indirectly as postsynaptic ion channels through G proteins pro 2nd msgr. Channel
60
Temporal summation
Two or more membrane potentials produced at different times are added together Potential change is greater than that caused by single input
61
Spatial summation
Two or more inputs occurring at the same time in different locations on the neuron are added together Potential change greater than that caused by single input
62
Axo-axonic synapse
Presynaptic synapse where an axon stimulates the presynaptic terminal of another axon
63
Presynaptic inhibition
Inhibitory input to neurons through synapses at the nerve terminal
64
Presynaptic facilitation
Excitatory input to neurons through the synapses at the nerve terminal
65
Autoreceptors
Receptor on a cell affected by a chemical messenger released from the same cell
66
Receptor desensitization
Temporary inability of a receptor to respond to its ligand due to prior ligand binding
67
Types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Biogenic amines Amino Acids Neuropeptides
68
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Major NT in PNS at neuromuscular junction
69
Cholinergic neurons
Neurons that release ACh
70
Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme that degrades excess ACh
71
Two types of ACh receptors
Nicotinic | Muscarinic
72
Nicotinic receptor
Responds to ACh and nicotine | Ion channel for both Na and K
73
Muscarinic Receptor
Responds to ACh and muscarine | Metabolic receptor coupled with g protein
74
Parts of the brain
Forebrain: cerebrum and diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem
75
Cerebral hemispheres
Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal
76
Gray matter
Outermost | Mostly cell bodies
77
White matter
Innermost | Mostly myelinated fibers
78
Gyri
Raised ridges of cerebral cortex
79
Sulcus
Intentions of cerebral cortex
80
Thalamus
In forebrain - diencephalon | Plays a role in arousal and focused attention
81
Hypothalamus
In forebrain - diencephalon Master communication center / integration center Important for neuronal ad endocrine coordination
82
Pituitary gland
Important endocrine structure
83
Limbic system functions
``` Thalamus and hypothalamus: Learning Emotions Appetite Sex Endocrine integration ```
84
Cerebellum
Important for controlling movements and posture and balance
85
Parts of the Brainstem
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
86
fn of brain stem
Relay center b/w forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord
87
Blood Brain Barrier
Semipermeable membrane barrier that separates circulating blood from brain extracellular fluid in the CNS
88
Meninges of BBB
Pia mater - inner (next to brain) Arachnoid mater - middle, web like Dura mater - outermost
89
Subarachnoid space
B/w pia mater and arachnoid mater Filled with cerebral spinal fluid CSF travels there from lateral ventricle were it is produced

Physiology (5 decks)

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