Chapter 6 Notes Flashcards
What are the most common DSM-5 diagnoses?
Anxiety disorders
Lifetime prevalence of 31%
The existence of fear can be inferred by what 3 kinds of data?
1) reports of subjective experiences apprehension what are you doing as well as physical sensations
2) behavioral manifestations
3) physiological responses ; reaction of autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system
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What can acute fear result in?
Fainting
Result of the parasympathetic nervous system
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is adaptive for dealing with danger, while anxiety is chronic fear not associated with a stimulus
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic attacks in adults?
1 in 9 adults
Panic attacks are common to specific and social phobias, as well as anxiety disorders
What is the 2:1 ratio mentioned in relation to anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are more common among females than males
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder?
2%-3%
Panic attacks are conditioned by early interoceptive and exteroceptive cues
What are some treatments for panic disorder?
Minor tranquilizers, antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
What is agoraphobia?
Anxiety about being in places where escape would be difficult, embarrassing, or impossible
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of agoraphobia?
1.7% for adolescents and adults, 0.4% for those over age 65
Associated with stressful events and genetics
What is specific phobia?
Fear of specific object or situation disproportionate to danger level
What is the 12% mentioned in relation to specific phobia?
12% of the population
Begins in childhood or adolescence and declines among elderly
What are the subtypes of specific phobia?
Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other
Example: Fear of heights (acrophobia) falls under the situational subtype.
What is the prevalence of specific phobia in the population?
12%
Twice as many women as men experience specific phobia.
What is the concordance rate for specific phobia in MZ twins compared to DZ twins?
Higher in MZ twins than DZ twins
When does specific phobia typically begin?
In childhood or adolescence and declines among the elderly.
What are the causes of specific phobia?
Genetic cause, environmental influences, conditioning
Watson and Little Albert experiment is an example of classical conditioning for establishment of phobia.
What is the two-factor theory of phobias?
Classical conditioning for establishment of phobia and operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) maintains the phobia.
Rachman criticized learning theory for being incomplete.
Who proposed that humans can learn to be fearful of some stimuli more easily than others?
Seligman and Hager (1972)
What is the psychodynamic model of phobias?
Repression of anxiety-arousing conflict
Freud’s case study of Little Hans is an example of the psychodynamic model.
What are the treatments for specific phobia?
Systematic desensitization, participant modeling, in vivo exposure, medications
Benzodiazepines may provide temporary relief but are not effective for specific phobia.
What are the situations that trigger social anxiety disorder?
Situations with unfamiliar people
What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US?
12-month prevalence is 7% in the US
What are the causes of social anxiety disorder?
Genetics and amygdala, learning and conditioning, integrative model focusing on biological, psychological, and social factors
