Chapter 6 - Nutrition, Feeding, & Digestion

Question 1

Why do adults need to eat repeatedly throughout their lives?

Answer 1

1. Dynamic State of Body Constituents
   
   • Molecules & cells become damaged and need to
     be replaced accordingly
2. Chemical-Bond Energy Used in Metabolism Cannot
   be Reused
   -new chemical bond energy must be acquired by
   food digestion

Question 2

The study of chemical compounds that compose the bodies of animals and how animals are able to synthesize the chemical components of their bodies from the chemical materials they collect in their environment.

Answer 2

Nutrition.

Question 3

What is the body composed of?

Answer 3

Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, Nucleic Acids, & Carbs

Question 4

What is missing in the body that is necessary for survival?

Answer 4

Water.

Question 5

What are proteins, and what are some examples?

Answer 5

Proteins are enzymes, muscle cells, structural cells, antibodies, hormones, and transporters. They are used all throughout the body for delivery and other transportation related mechanisms.

Question 6

What are the 20 amino acids?

Answer 6

• alanine -arginine -histidine -valine
• cyteseine -lysine -leucine -serine
• glycine -isoleucine -methionine -proline
• tyrosine -glutamate -phenlyalanine -asparagine
• tryptophan -aspartate -threonine

Question 7

What food combinations would increase use of amino acids for protein synthesis?

Answer 7

Rice, beans, peanut butter.

Question 8

What is the limiting factor for making amino acids?

Answer 8

Nitrogen in the environment.

Question 9

Name the four principle roles of lipids.

Answer 9

1. Principle components of cell and intracellular membranes
2. Storage compounds in animals and plants
3. Greatly reduce permeability of integument of water
4. Energy storage

Question 10

What are the essential fatty acids and how do humans use them?

Answer 10

Omega-3
Omega-6
Eat fish and nuts

Question 11

Name the three principle roles of carbohydrates.

Answer 11

1. Large polysaccharides provide structural support and shape to cells
   Ex: chitin
2. Polysaccharides used for storage compounds
   Ex: glycogen
3. Transport compounds
   Ex: monosaccharides & disaccharides in the blood

Question 12

Are there essential carbohydrates? Would a diet rich in insects be recommended for human consumption, why or why not?

Answer 12

No, your body produces their own carbohydrates.
A diet rich in insects would be detrimental to the human body, it cannot break down chitin, plus you would not be able to obtain much nutrients from insects solely.

Question 13

What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?

Answer 13

Vitamin: organic compound that animals must obtain in small quantities from food or another outside source
-cannot be synthesized
-water soluble, i.e. niacin, riboflavin, biotin
-lipid soluble, i.e. K, A, D, E
Mineral: chemical element that is required by animals

Question 14

What is Vitamin A used for?

Answer 14

• light activated component of visual pigments
• normal bone growth
• reproductive function
• cell membrane integrity

Question 15

Are bee stings venomous?

Answer 15

Technically yes, it is a defensive venom employed on the predator.

Question 16

What is suspension feeding and what are the benefits?

Answer 16

• feeding on objects, suspended in water, that are much smaller than the predator
• animal does not have to expire energy to get food, and also getting MORE energy by cutting down food chain

Question 17

What are some examples of suspension feeders?

Answer 17

• oysters
• blue whales
• clupeid fish

Question 18

Is the gut typically anaerobic or aerobic? Where do microbes of fermenters live?

Answer 18

• gut is typically anaerobic, it produces methane gas

- microbes of fermenters live in foregut (inside esphogus and stomach)

Question 19

What allows ruminants to utilize cellulose?

Answer 19

Ruminants are animals that have specialized digestive tracts and rumen where microbes live. These microbes produce a complex of enzymes called cellulase that allow them to break down cellulose into compounds that their host animal can absorb and metabolize.

Question 20

What are examples of ruminant animals?

Answer 20

Cows, sheep, goats, moose, deer, buffaloes

Question 21

What is unique about ruminants and their use of urea?

Answer 21

Ruminants are able to prevent waste nitrogen from animal metabolism to be recycled into new animal proteins rather than being excreted.
The urea can diffuse from the blood into the rumen, where microbes break nitrogen down into ammonia. The bacteria are then able to make proteins for themselves, then these microbial proteins will be utilized by the host animal for their own protein synthesis.

Question 22

What are the two key forms of digestion?

Answer 22

1. Physical
   
   • chew it in the mouth, known as mastication
2. Chemical
   
   • amylase breaks down carbs immediately

Question 23

Where is the headgut located? What is its function?

Answer 23

Location: mouth, that is where primary digestion occurs.

Functions to: begin breaking down food

Question 24

Where is the foregut located? What is its function?

Answer 24

Location: anterior part of the alimentary canal, from esphogous to dudenum

Functions to: aid in moving food from mouth to inside the digestive system (peristalsis)

Question 25

Where is the midgut located? What is its function?

Answer 25

Location: Superior mesenteric artery: jejunum, ileum, appendix Functions to: aid in absorption and digestion

Question 26

Where is the hindgut located? What is its function?

Answer 26

Location: Inferior mesenteric artery: descending colon, rectum Functions to: adjust the final composition and quantity of the urine

Question 27

Organic chemists and biochemists often classify molecules based on similarities in their chemical composition. For which compound would developing a generalized “formula” for chemical composition be most difficult? A. Vitamins B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates D. Proteins

Answer 27

A.

Question 28

One of the minerals that is particularly important for lactating females and their offspring is... A. Zinc B. Iron C. Selenium D. Calcium

Answer 28

D.

Question 29

A newborn is having problems with excessive bleeding following a very minor injury. It is therefore suspected that _______ was inadequate following birth. A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin E

Answer 29

C.

Question 30

In the study by Mayntz et al., Wolf spiders were fed either a protein-rich or lipid-rich diet of fruit flies (Drosophila) and then tested for their preference by being presented with each diet in sequence. Which statement about the results of the study is true? A. All spiders preferred protein because protein is both uniquely important and uniquely tenuous in animal nutrition (i.e., it is “foremost”). B. All spiders preferred lipid because it has the most energy per gram. C. Spiders on the protein-rich diet ate flies rich in protein and spiders on the lipid-rich diet ate flies rich in lipid. D. Spiders on the protein-rich diet ate flies rich in lipid and spiders on the lipid-rich diet ate flies rich in protein.

Answer 30

D.

Question 31

A major difference between vertebrate and insect digestive systems is that... A. only vertebrates have a foregut. B. gut motility is a characteristic of vertebrates only. C. the hindgut affects urine composition in insects but not in vertebrates. D. insects lack digestive enzymes and rely solely on endosymbionts.

Answer 31

C.

Question 32

Where is amylase found? What is its function?

Answer 32

Headgut | Breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth

Question 33

Where is pepsin found? What is its function?

Answer 33

Foregut | Breaks down proteins in the presence of HCl inside the stomach

Question 34

Where is lipase found? What is its function?

Answer 34

Midgut | Breaks down lipid, fat inside the intestine