Chapter 6 part 2

Question 1

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 1

a learning process in which a behavior becomes associated with a consequence. as a result of this association, the consequence influences the probability of that behavior occurring again in the future

Question 2

who is Edward L. Thorndike and what did he do?

Answer 2

scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

Question 3

can the consequence of a behavior be good or bad?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what consequence do you give if you want someone to do a behavior more?

Answer 4

reward the behavior

Question 5

what consequence do you give if you want someone to do a behavior less?

Answer 5

punishment after the behavior

Question 6

what is the law of effect?

Answer 6

if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. if a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Question 7

who did the cat in the box experiment?

Answer 7

Thorndike

Question 8

what happened during the cat in the box experiment?

Answer 8

the first time the cat goes in the box, the cat meows and scratches, but those behaviors don’t lead to escape. by accident, the cat steps on the lever and gets out to eat the food. Thorndike stops the timer and repeats the experiment again and again. After the 10th-ish time, the cat goes right over to the lever and steps on it because stepping on the lever was the only behavior that led to a reward

Question 9

who is B.F. Skinner and what did he do?

Answer 9

extremely influential scientist associated with further defining operant conditioning and using it to modify and control behavior

Question 10

was B.F. Skinner a behaviorist and believed free will is nonexistent?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what is behaviorism?

Answer 11

behavior changes through rewards and punishments. can only know what is directly observable. no speculation about what is going on in “the mind”

Question 12

what is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Answer 12

the response if followed by a pleasant consequence

Question 13

what is the result of reinforcement?

Answer 13

the response is more likely to occur (increase in the amount of time spent doing that behavior)

Question 14

what is punishment in operant conditioning?

Answer 14

the response is followed by an unpleasant consequence

Question 15

what is the result of punishment?

Answer 15

the response is less likely to occur (decrease in amount of time spent doing behavior)

Question 16

what are the two ways to reinforce behavior?

Answer 16

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 17

what is “positive” in operant conditioning?

Answer 17

presence of –> getting something

Question 18

what is “negative” in operant conditioning?

Answer 18

absence of –> taking something away
OR doing a behavior to prevent / avoid something bad

Question 19

what is an example of positive reinforcement?

Answer 19

get an A on a test by studying hard and parents get you a gift card, now you are more likely to study hard

Question 20

what is an example of negative reinforcement? (removal)

Answer 20

took me to the airport –> I offer to do the dishes for you all week (taking away the burden of doing dishes) now that person is more likely to take me to the airport

Question 21

what is an example of negative reinforcement? (avoid)

Answer 21

going to class to remove the possibility of failing

Question 22

negative reinforcement =

Answer 22

avoidance / escape

Question 23

what are the two ways to punish behavior?

Answer 23

get something bad or remove something good

Question 24

what is positive punishment?

Answer 24

punishing behavior by giving the person something bad

Question 25

what is an example of positive punishment?

Answer 25

the cat scratches the blinds and you squirt them with water (they don't like water, so you are giving them something they don't like), now the cat is less likely to scratch the blinds

Question 26

what is negative punishment?

Answer 26

punishing behavior by removing something good

Question 27

what is an example of negative punishment?

Answer 27

a kid is bickering with their sibling so you put them in timeout (taking away free will), now the kid is less likely to bicker with their sibling

Question 28

what type is this? touch the filing cabinet --> get a shock

Answer 28

positive punishment

Question 29

what type is this? open umbrella --> don't get wet

Answer 29

negative reinforcement

Question 30

what type is this? come home after curfew -->no TV for a week

Answer 30

negative punishment

Question 31

what type is this dog sits on command --> gets a treat

Answer 31

positive reinforcement

Question 32

how do you reward a behavior that never occurs?

Answer 32

shaping

Question 33

what is shaping?

Answer 33

rewarding successive approximation of the goal behavior until the goal behavior has been mastered

Question 34

with shaping, after learning the 2nd, more difficult task, do you reward for the easier, 1st task?

Answer 34

no, you never reward for the 1st task again

Question 35

what are the reinforcement schedules?

Answer 35

continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement

Question 36

what is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 36

reinforcement occurs after every target response

Question 37

what is partial reinforcement?

Answer 37

sometimes the target response is reinforced, and sometimes it is not reinforced

Question 38

what are the partial reinforcement schedules?

Answer 38

fixed ratio (FR) fixed interval (FI) variable ratio (VR) variable interval (VI)

Question 39

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

Answer 39

there is a set number of times that you must make the response before you are reinforced

Question 40

what is an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

Answer 40

you know exactly what to do to get reinforcement, you have to buy 6 cups of coffee to get the 7th free. how long it takes is up to you

Question 41

what is a fixed interval schedule?

Answer 41

there is a set interval of time that must pass before you can make the response and get reinforced

Question 42

what is an example of a fixed interval schedule?

Answer 42

you work 10 hours a week, but get paid at the end of 2 weeks. It doesn't matter if you work 1day or 5 days a week, you still have to wait the 2 weeks for the paycheck

Question 43

what is variable ratio schedule?

Answer 43

the number of time that you must make the response before you are reinforced varies from trial to trial

Question 44

what is an example of a variable ratio schedule?

Answer 44

slot machines: don't know how many times you have to play before you are rewarded with a win

Question 45

what is variable interval schedule?

Answer 45

the amount of time that must pass before you get reinforced varies from trial to trial

Question 46

what is an example of a variable interval schedule?

Answer 46

pop quiz: don't know how much time has to pass before you get another one

Question 47

do different schedules result in different patterns of behavior?

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

what behavior results from the fixed ratio schedule?

Answer 48

bursts of doing the behavior and bursts of doing nothing: they do exactly what they have to to get the reward and then stop

Question 49

what behavior results from the fixed interval schedule?

Answer 49

do nothing, then as it gets close to time to be rewarded, they start to do the behavior more and more until the reward

Question 50

what behavior results from both of the variable schedules?

Answer 50

constantly doing the behavior to check if they are rewarded

Question 51

what is observational learning?

Answer 51

acquiring knowledge, skills, rules, beliefs, and attitudes by watching others

Question 52

what are other words for observational learning?

Answer 52

modeling, social learning, imitation

Question 53

what are the characteristics of observational learning?

Answer 53

- eliminates trial and error learning - takes less time than operant conditioning - involves four main processes

Question 54

what are the four main processes in observational learning?

Answer 54

- attention - retention - motor reproduction - reinforcement / motivation

Question 55

what separates observational learning from imitation?

Answer 55

reinforcement / motivation

Question 56

what is attention in observational learning?

Answer 56

being able to pay attention long enough to watch and learn what you want to copy

Question 57

what is retention in observational learning?

Answer 57

being able to remember the information you watched long enough to copy it

Question 58

what is motor reproduction in observational learning?

Answer 58

being able to do the movements

Question 59

what is reinforcement / motivation in observational learning?

Answer 59

doing this behavior because you have a reason to do it

Question 60

what did Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment ask?

Answer 60

does watching aggressive behavior on TV cause a person to act more or less aggressively?

Question 61

what did the results of the Bobo Doll experiment show?

Answer 61

people who watched aggressive TV were more prone to aggressive behavior

Question 62

what was an impact of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 62

it was a main factor in why we have ratings on TV shows and movies