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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 6: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality Disorders

A

types of enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture

are pervasive and inflexible, and leads to distress or impairment

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2
Q

Ego Syntonic

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self

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3
Q

Ego Dystonic

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity

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4
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by persistent distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others

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5
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

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6
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive, or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

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7
Q

Ideas of Reference

A

form of delusional thinking in which a person reads personal meaning into the behavior of others or external events that are completely independent of the person

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8
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A

type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

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9
Q

Psychopathy

A

type of personality pattern characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle and impulsiveness

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10
Q

What are the factors associated with antisocial personality disorder?

A

lack of emotional responsiveness

the craving-for-stimulation-model

lack of restraint on impulsivity

limbic abnormalities

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11
Q

Optimum Level of Arousal

A

level of arousal associated with peak performance and maximum feelings of well-being

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12
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

type of personality disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects and marked impulsivity

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13
Q

Splitting

A

term describing the inability of some people (especially people with borderline personalities) to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings

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14
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the center of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others, such individuals often appear overly dramatic and emotional in their behavior

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15
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

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16
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection

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17
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behavior

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18
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details

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19
Q

Self Psychology

A

Heinz Kohut’s theory that describes processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or, in narcissistic personality disorder, to a grandiose but fragile sense of self

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20
Q

Symbiotic

A

(1) in biology, the living together of two different but interdependent organisms

(2) in Margaret Mahler’s object-relations theory, the term used to describe the state of oneness that normally exists between a mother and an infant in which the infant’s identity is fused with the mother’s

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21
Q

Separation-Individuation

A

in Margaret Mahler’s theory, the process by which young children come to separate psychologically from their mothers and to perceive themselves as separate and distinct persons

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22
Q

Problem-Solving Theory

A

form of therapy that focuses on helping people develop more effective problem solving skills

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23
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

all of us have particular styles of behavior and ways of relating to others

when these behavior patterns become so inflexible or maladaptive that they cause significant personal distress or impair functioning in the social or occupational realms, their behavior pattern may be diagnosed as a personality disorder

types of abnormal behavior patterns involving excessively rigid patterns of behavior or ways of relating to others that ultimately become self-defeating because their rigidity prevents adjustment to external demands

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24
Q

What are ego syntonic personality disorders?

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self

don’t care about other people’s negative reactions

largely agreeable or invisible to the person who has PD

most PDs

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25
What are ego dystonic personality disorders?
behavior or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one's self-identity uncomfortable as a result
26
In what areas are the symptoms of personality disorder manifested in?
1. cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events) 2. affectivity (i.e. the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response) 3. interpersonal functioning 4. impulse control
27
What is the general DSM-5 criteria for personality disorders?
inflexible and pervasive significant distress or impairment stable and of long duration not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder not due to the effects of a substance
28
What are the characteristics of cluster A personality disorders?
odd, eccentric behavior "Mad" paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
29
What are the characteristics of cluster B personality disorders?
dramatic, emotional, impulsive, "bad" borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic
30
What are the characteristics of cluster C personality disorders?
anxious, fearful, avoidant, "sad" avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
31
What is paranoid personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions
32
What are the core features of paranoid personality disorder?
suspiciousness without due cause preoccupations with unfounded concerns over lack of loyalty of friends, spouse, and family emotionally closed, reluctant to confide or "open up" interpretive bias that promotes perception of innocuous content as threatening grudging
33
What is schizoid personality disorders?
type of personality disorder characterized by a persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal rarely express emotions and are distinct and aloof but emotions of people with schizoid personalities are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia don't have the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
34
What are the core features of schizoid personality disorders?
no interest in, or enjoyment of, close relationships chronic loner no interest in sex seldom participates in recreational activities unaffected by praise or criticism emotionally cold, detached, flat
35
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by eccentricities of oddities of thought and behavior but without clearly psychotic features similar to schizophrenia in many respects but without the profound impairment in reality testing abundance of positive symptoms
36
What are the core features of schizotypal personality disorder?
ideas of reference odd beliefs or magical thinking (not just superstitions) off perceptual experiences peculiar thinking and speech suspicious/paranoid social isolation (other than family) persistent social anxiety
37
What is antisocial personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behavior and lack of remorse
38
What are the core features of antisocial personality disorder?
failure to conform to social and legal norms lying/conning impulsivity and short sightedness in planning irritability/aggressiveness, fighting recklessness with self and others irresponsibility lack of remorse note: MUST be 18 and have shown signs of conduct disorder before 15 years of age
39
What is psychopathy?
an extreme case of ASPD type of personality pattern characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation-seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness not all criminals show signs of psychopathy, and not all ASPD patients are psychopaths either
40
What is the psychopathy checklist?
describes behavior score of 0 is not there, 1 is moderate, 2 is severe cut off score is 30, normal score is 6 factor I: inter-personal/affective (lies, doesn't care) factor II: criminal behaviors (have they had charges in more than one type of crime), the manifestation of antisocial behaviors
41
What is the controversy surrounding the notion of a successful psychopath?
must distinguish between Factor I and Factor II PCL-R features appreciate that one can have strong (Factor I) features without being a psychopath may be nominally law-abiding and successful in their chosen occupations, but still show callous disregard for the interests and feelings of others
42
What is the relationship between race and ASPD?
antisocial personality disorder cuts across all racial and ethnic groups researchers find no evidence of ethnic or racial differences in the rates of the disorder
43
What are the psychophysiological and biological factors that are related to antisocial personality and psychopathy?
lack of emotional responsiveness the craving-for-stimulation model lack of restraint on impulsivity limbic abnormalities aren't born with a natural sense of right and wrong psychopaths do not profit from experience (no learning) brain regions (orbita-prefrontal cortex) aren't as active in psychopathy have and IQ that is 2/3 standard deviations lower than average
44
What is borderline personality disorder?
primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses people with BPD tend to be uncertain about their values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps even sexual orientations
45
What are the three dialectical dilemmas associated with borderline personality disorder?
emotional vulnerability versus self-invalidation active passivity versus apparent competence unrelenting crisis versus inhibited grieving
46
What are the core features of borderline personality disorder?
works frantically avoid abandonment intense and unstable relationships, view of others fluctuates between extremes unstable self-image/self-concept marked impulsivity recurrent parasuicidal/self-harming behavior/threats affective instability feeling constantly empty intense, frequently unwarranted, anger and difficulty controlling it may show dissociative or paranoid symptoms
47
What is histrionic personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the center of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from other such persons often appear overly dramatic and emotional in their behavior
48
What are the core features of histrionic personality disorder?
resents attention being directed to others often seductive or provocative (just to prove they have the ability to draw people in) emotionally shallow/variable uses physical appearance (including mode of dress) to attract attention rehearsed way of speaking with limited substance dramatic, theatrical, emotionally flamboyant highly suggestible considers self to be "close friends: of mere acquaintances
49
What is narcissistic personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by the adoption of an inflated self-image and demands for constant attention and admiration, among other features
50
What are the two main divisions of narcissistic personality disorder?
primary: genuinely believes they are special compensatory: deep seeded sense of inadequacy covered up by narcissism
51
What are the core features of narcissistic personality disorder?
inflated sense of self-worth/self-importance fantasizes about great power, wealth, desirability, success, etc. feels special, entitled, above others, complex demands admiration exploitative of others insensitive to the needs and feelings of others arrogant, haughty envious of others and resentful of their achievements, but may also think others envy them
52
What is avoidant personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection
53
What are the core features of avoidant personality disorder?
looks in some respects like schizoid PD, but the person really wants to have close relationships hindered by strong fear of rejection or social inadequacy avoids activities (including jobs) that require social contact reluctant to take chances socially, deep sense of inadequacy "up tight" (inhibited), even in established relationships chronically fearful of criticism sees self as socially inept and inferior mortified by the prospect of embarrassment
54
What is dependent personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behavior
55
What are the core features of dependent personality disorder?
can't make decisions for themselves without seeking advice and reassurance wants other to be responsible for them avoids expressing dissent lacks confidence in planning and initiating projects and activities craves nurturance and support feels vulnerable when alone quickly finds a new relationship when another one ends pre-occupied by fears of being alone
56
What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
type of personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details
57
What are the core features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
highly concerned with rules, lists, details, procedures, etc. interferes with completion of tasks cannot complete task for fear that work is imperfect neglects leisure and personal life to spend more time on work inflexibly conscientious, moral, ethical prone to hoarding as they hate to throw things out doesn't delegate well miserly (very cheap) stubborn and rigid with others sometimes referred to as "anal retentive"
58
What are the problems with the classification of personality disorders?
undetermined reliability and validity problems distinguishing from other types of disorders overlap among disorders difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behavior sexist biases
59
What are the proposed changes to the classification of personality disorders in the DSM-5?
reduction in diagnostic overlap less arbitrary diagnostic threshold movement from a categorical to dimensional conceptualization recognition that symptom severity can fluctuate over time alternatively, movement to a dimensional (trait) model
60
What are the areas of difficulty associated with personality disorders?
identity self-direction empathy intimacy
61
What are the domains of personality associated with personality disorders?
negative affectivity (vs emotional stability) detachment (vs extraversion) antagonism (vs agreeableness) disinhibition (vs conscientiousness) psychoticism (vs lucidity)
62
What are the 6 personality disorders proposed for a future version of the DSM?
antisocial/psychopathic avoidant borderline narcissistic obsessive-compulsive schizotypal
63
What are the psychodynamic perspectives on personality disorders?
Heinz Kohut: self psychology, mostly on narcissistic personality, lack of empathy development Otto Kernberg: mostly re BPD, splitting, all good vs. all bad Margaret Mahler: also emphasized BPD, symbiotic, separation-individuation
64
What are the learning perspectives on personality disorders?
reinforcement history our personality is shaped by what behaviors were reinforced by our parents
65
What are the family perspectives on personality disorders?
parenting styles and personality
66
What are the cognitive-behavioral perspectives on personality disorders?
problem-solving therapy teach practical problems solving skills
67
What are the biological perspectives on personality disorders?
genetic factors, twin studies neuropsychological factors
68
What are the sociocultural views on personality disorders?
SES, trauma, parenting style, cultural norms
69
What is the treatment of personality disorders?
these conditions are highly refractory (don't want to change after treatment, ingrained) difficult for the patient to see, therefore limited insight inherent stability of personality treatment is different for various PDs "stepped care" model
70
What are the psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of personality disorders?
insight re historical bias insight re how their interpersonal conduct undermines relationships minimally helpful
71
What are the cognitive behavioral approaches on personality disorders?
conceptual personality as persistent behavior patterns established and maintained by Rf contingencies general strategy is to utilize modeling, Rf, and extinction to replace maladaptive behaviors can utilize social skills training, identification of distorted beliefs, coaching family members
72
What are the biological approaches on personality disorders?
limited contribution impulsiveness and low affect may reflect serotonin deficiencies, therefore try SSRIs
73
What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
developed primarily for BPD BPD patients habitually "test" relationships: frequent crises, unscheduled phone calls, suicide threats/attempts, "splitting" professional teams and social groups, caregiver "burnout" mindfulness techniques distress tolerance emotion regulation strategies interpersonal effectiveness usually team-delivered two full days/week

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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