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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 9: Gender Identity, Paraphilias, and Sexual Dysfunctions > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Gender Identity, Paraphilias, and Sexual Dysfunctions Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender Identity

A

one’s psychological sense of being female or male

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2
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

disorder in which an individual experiences significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a discrepancy between his or her anatomic sex and gender identity

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3
Q

Transgender Identity

A

a type of gender identity in which the individual has the psychological sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other

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4
Q

Paraphilic Disorders

A

types of sexual disorders in which a person experiences recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving nonhuman objects (such as articles of clothing), inappropriate or nonconsenting parties (e.g. children), or situation producing humiliation or pain to oneself or one’s partner

the person has either acted on such urges or is strongly distressed by them

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5
Q

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder almost exclusively occurring in males in which the man experiences persistent and recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the exposure of his genitals to a stronger and either has acted on these urges or feels strongly distressed by them

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6
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder in which a person uses an inanimate object or a non-genital body part (partialism) as a focus of sexual interest and as a source of arousal

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7
Q

Transvestic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving cross-dressing, in which the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly by them

also called transvestism

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8
Q

Voyeuristic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the act of watching unsuspecting other who are naked, in the act of undressing, or engaged in sexual activity, in which the person has either acted in these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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9
Q

Frotteuristic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving bumping and rubbing against nonconsenting victims for sexual gratification

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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10
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with prepubescent children

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11
Q

Sexual Masochism Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving receiving humiliation or pain

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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12
Q

Hypoxyphilia

A

paraphilic disorder in which a person seeks gratification by being deprived of oxygen by means of using a noose, plastic bag, chemical, or pressure on the chest

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13
Q

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder or sexual deviation characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving inflicting humiliation or physical pain on sex partners

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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14
Q

Sadomasochism

A

sexual activities between consenting partners involving the attainment of gratification by means of inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation

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15
Q

Sexual Assault

A

nonconsensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose

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16
Q

Aggravated Sexual Assault

A

sexual assault in which the victim is maimed or disfigured or has his or her endangered

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17
Q

Sexual Dysfunctions

A

psychological disorders involving persistent difficulties with sexual interest, arousal, or response

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18
Q

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A

a type of sexual dysfunction in men involving a persistent or recurrent lack of sexual interest or sexual fantasies

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19
Q

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A

a type of sexual dysfunction in women involving either a lack of or greatly reduced level of sexual interest drive, or arousal

women with problem becoming sexually aroused may lack feelings of sexual pleasure or excitement that normally accompany sexual arousal, or they may experience little or no sexual interest or pleasure

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20
Q

Erectile Disorder

A

sexual dysfunction in males characterized by difficulty in achieving or maintaining erection during sexual activity

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21
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

type of sexual dysfunction in women involving difficulties achieving orgasm

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22
Q

Delayed Ejaculation

A

type of sexual dysfunction in men involving persistent difficulties achieving orgasm

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23
Q

Premature Ejaculation

A

type of sexual dysfunction involving a persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during sexual activity at a point before the man desires it

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24
Q

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

persistent or recurrent pain experienced during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts

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25
Vaginismus
the involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vagina when vaginal penetration is attempted, making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible
26
Performance Anxiety
fear relating to the threat of failing to perform adequately
27
Sensate Focus Exercises
in sex therapy, mutual pleasuring activities between partners that are focused on the partners taking turns giving and receiving physical pleasure
28
Self-Spectatoring
tendency to observe one's behavior as if one were a spectator of oneself people with sexual dysfunctions often become self-spectators in the sense of focusing their attention during sexual activity on the response of their sex organs rather than on their partners or the sexual stimulation itself
29
What is the criteria that must be met in order for sexual behavior to be labelled as abnormal?
deviates from the norms of one's society is self-defeating/causes personal distress harms others interferes with one's ability to function
30
What is the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria?
a marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender a marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics a strong desire to be rid of one's primary and/or secondary sex characteristics a strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender a strong desire to be of the other gender a strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender associated with clinically significant distress
31
What is the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria with the post-transition specifier?
the individual has transitioned to full-time living in the desired gender and has undergone (or preparing to have) at least one cross-sex medical procedure or treatment regimen
32
What is gender expression?
the way one presents their gender outwardly
33
What is gender identity?
one's psychological sense of being female or male
34
What is gender dysphoria?
a disorder in which the individual believes that her or his anatomic gender is inconsistent with his or her psychological sense of being male or female
35
What are treatments for gender dysphoria?
hormone therapy: secondary sex characteristics of the other gender living as the identified gender for about one year, RLE (real life experience), legal requirement, controversial to prolong treatment
36
What is sex reassignment surgery?
tracheal shave (get rid of Adam's apple) breast removal/construction
37
What is vaginoplasty?
surgical removal of the penis and creation of a vagina
38
What is phalloplasty?
clitoris embedded in shaft of penis created from skin taken from thigh or forearm, normal size penis, erection via prosthesis
39
What is metoidioplasty?
vaginal lining is scraped and allowed to heal together to seal closed alternative to phalloplasty starts with hormone therapy to enlarge clitoris to about 5 cm labia are fashioned into a scrotum, usually with prosthetic testicles clitoris located at end; maintains orgasmic capacity
40
How is psychotherapy used to treat gender dysphoria?
necessary throughout important to screen for other conditions motivating the desire for gender change since these are major, and partly irreversible surgeries, the decision to move forward should be made cautiously excessive delays/refusal can also be risk factors
41
What is exhibitionistic disorder?
erotic pleasure from displaying their genitals
42
What is fetishistic disorder?
arousal because of particular objects
43
What is transvestic disorder?
process disorder interest in doing something cross-dressing for erotic purposes elaborate ritual not to be confused with ender dysphoria heterosexual, male identifying individuals
44
What is frotteuristic disorder?
rubbing genitals against an un-consenting party
45
What is toucheristic disorder?
touch someone without their consent could be subtle or non subtle
46
What is klismaphilic disorder?
enema insert something into your butt, flush it out with water
47
What is pedophilic disorder?
erotic preference for children
48
What is the development of persistent sexual offending against children?
two components: antisociality, sexual attraction to prepubescent children the presence of both significantly increases likelihood that a person will offend against children
49
What is the DSM-5 criteria for paraphilic disorders such as exhibitionistic disorder?
over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one's genitals to un unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors the individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
50
What are the specifiers for exhibitionistic disorder?
sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubescent children sexually aroused by exposing genitals to physically mature individuals sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children and physically mature individuals
51
What does the paraphilic specifier "in a controlled environment" mean?
this specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to expose one's genitals are restricted
52
What does the paraphilic specifier "in full remission" mean?
the individual has not acted on the urges with a nonconsenting person, and there has been no distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning, for at least 5 years while in an uncontrolled environment
53
What are the means of assessing erotic preference?
primary means is by patient self-report, though this is highly prone to distortion, especially when motivated by shame or possible legal censure examining web browsing history
54
How is VRT (visual reaction test) used to assess erotic preference?
indirect, based on viewing times and pattern accurately measure where on the screen they are viewing Abel battery: also elicits a subjective rating from 1 (disgusting) to 7 (highly arousing), not always accepted in court (cannot be compelled to provide evidence against themselves)
55
How are plethysmographic studies used to assess erotic preference?
more direct invasive, requires cooperation, all variables are controlled measurement of arousal while watching/hearing stimuli in several categories measurement of blood flow to the penis
56
What are the psychodynamic perspectives on paraphilic disorders?
castration anxiety leads to projection of sexual desires onto "safer" targets the penis vanishing into a vagina is symbolic of castration in this view masochism is symbolic aggression toward the internalized father (you hate your father, getting punished hurts internalized father)
57
What are the learning theory perspectives on paraphilic disorders?
learned associations between sexual pleasure and contextual stimuli implications for partner intimacy/sustained attraction? fails to explain why paraphilias (esp fetishes) aren't more common observation (vicarious) learning: online pornography puts ideas into their heads about what is normal any kind of fantasy can be positively reinforced (persons preference are shaped by experience)
58
What are the psychodynamic treatments of paraphilias?
resolution of the Oedipal complex (and corresponding castration anxiety) allows the mergence of non-paraphilic interests can't change partner preferences (conversion therapy)
59
What are the behavior therapy treatments of paraphilias?
aversive conditioning; using ammonia or electric shock, extinction effects, no maintenance, short-term, no evidence you can fundamentally change preference, but can change if they act on it prone to extinction, no promotion of alternate interest CBT: development of adaptive thoughts and social skills pharmacological: SSRIs are sometimes helpful, reduce impulsivity
60
What is sexual assault?
forcible rape (physically dominate, absence of consent) and statutory rape (absence of legal consent)
61
What are the possible effects of sexual assault?
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depression impaired intimate relationships (not just sexually) increased substance abuse lower sexual drive/enjoyment physical symptoms (e.g. headache, disrupted menses)
62
What is the treatment of rape survivors?
it is never the victim's fault assurance that it will never happen again (protect yourself) provide a safe environment without fear of judgement
63
What is level 1 sexual assault?
non-consensual bodily contact for sexual purpose
64
What is level 2 sexual assault?
assault with a weapon
65
What is level 3 sexual assault?
aggravated; physical harm and/or threat of death
66
What are the types of sexual dysfunction?
sexual interest disorder sexual arousal disorder orgasm disorder sexual pain disorder
67
What are the DSM-5 categories of sexual dysfunction?
sexual interest/arousal disorders orgasm disorders sexual pain disorders
68
What are sexual desire disorders?
hypoactive sexual desire disorder sexual aversion disorder (have no positive feelings about sex)
69
What are sexual arousal disorders?
female sexual interest/arousal disorder (not common in men) male erectile disorder (neural damage, circulatory damage, wants an erection but can't get one, physiologically or psychologically orgasm disorders: female orgasmic disorder, male orgasmic disorder, premature ejaculation
70
What are genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders?
dyspareunia: gynological, more than psychological, entry or deep vaginismus: very painful, involuntary muscle contraction, usually psychological, treatment: CBT, dialators
71
What are biological perspectives on sexual dysfunction?
testosterone as treatment for men and women too much can have adverse effects
72
What are the psychodynamic perspectives on sexual dysfunction?
castration anxiety guilt
73
What are the learning perspectives on sexual dysfunction?
cognitive perspectives expectations/self-fulfilling prophecies
74
What are the sociocultural factors on sexual dysfunction?
performance anxiety men are taught they need to have a big penis and have lots of sex
75
What are treatments for sexual dysfunction?
directed masturbation: for females, give them permission to gain comfort with their own body and what arousal feels like for them sensate focus exercise: prohibited from experiencing orgasm for an amount of time, lay nude, how quality time together, go slow, enjoy sensation of being touched without sexual expectations or touching of genitals

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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