Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitudes, and Psychological Disorders

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

the individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

Question 2

Sigmund Freud

Answer 2

developed the idea of psychoanalytic theory

Question 3

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

the idea that personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, which are derived from his or her past experiences (especially interactions with their primary care giver)

Question 4

According to psychoanalytic theory, what two instinctual drives motivate human behavior?

Answer 4

1. libido- drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain avoidance, and pleasure
2. death instinct- drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself or others

Question 5

According to psychoanalytic theory, what three components make up personality?

Answer 5

1. id
2. ego
3. superego

Question 6

id

Answer 6

is largely unconscious; is the source of energy and instincts; is ruled by the pleasure principle (seeks to avoid pain and gain pleasure); does not use logic or reasoning

(young children function almost entirely from the id)

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

is ruled by the reality principle (uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id); tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the id

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and ideal goals, rather than just realistic goals; makes judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection

Question 9

Freud’s Five Psychosexual Stages

Answer 9

1. The Oral Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing)
2. The Anal Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination)
3. The Phallic Stage (the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals); during this stage, the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile to the same sex parent (is called the Oedipus complex in males and the Electra complex in females); during this stage, females develop penis envy because they don’t have one
4. The Latency Stage (sexual interests subside and are replaced by other interests)
5. The Genital Stage (begins in adolescence when sexual themes resurface)

Question 10

Followers of Freud

Answer 10

Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson

(had more optimistic views of humanity than Freud and saw personality as more changeable throughout the lifespan, rather than as determined only by childhood experiences)

Question 11

Erik Erikson

Answer 11

extended Freud’s theory of developmental stages by adding social an interpersonal factors to supplement Freud’s focus on unconscious conflict within a person
(developed 8 fundamental stages)

Question 12

psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 12

uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties; tries to strengthen the ego, so that choices can be made based on reality, rather than on instinct (id) or guilt (superego)

Question 13

Carl Rogers

Answer 13

developed the idea of humanistic theory

Question 14

humanistic psychology

Answer 14

the idea that humans are inherently good and have a free will, rather than having their behavior determined by early relationships

Question 15

According to humanistic theory, what is the most basic motive for all people?

Answer 15

the actualizing tendency (an innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself)

Question 16

humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

Answer 16

provides an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions, so that they can learn and grow from their experiences (uses the term client rather than patient to suggest the inherent health of the person)

Question 17

behaviorist perspective

Answer 17

the idea that personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment (environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personality)

Question 18

According to behaviorism, learning occurs through what two forms of conditioning?

Answer 18

1. classical conditioning (a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response)
2. operant conditioning (behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them; consequences can be either positive or negative, referring to whether they involve the presence or absence of a particular stimulus)

Question 19

behavioral therapy

Answer 19

uses conditioning to shape a client’s behaviors in the desired direction; uses the ABC model (the therapist determines the antecedents (stimulus) and consequences of the behavior)

Question 20

social cognitive perspective

Answer 20

personality is formed by reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

Question 21

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 21

focuses on the idea that a person’s feelings and behaviors are reactions not to actual events, but to their thoughts about those events; therapy helps to get rid of these irrational thoughts and substitute them with rational and actual beliefs

Question 22

personality trait

Answer 22

a generally stable predisposition towards a certain behavior

Question 23

According to trait theorists, what two types of traits exist?

Answer 23

1. surface traits (evident from a person’s behavior)
2. source traits (factors underlying human personality and behavior)
   traits are not binary, but exist on a continuum

Question 24

Raymond Catell

Answer 24

identified 16 surface traits, 15 of which could be reduced down to 5 global factors (source traits): extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation, and self-control

Question 25

McCrae and Costa's Five Factor Model

Answer 25

``` Extroversion Neuroticism Openness to Experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness ```

Question 26

biological perspective

Answer 26

the idea that personality is at least partly due to innate biological difference among people; is supported by the fact that basic personality traits are heritable

Question 27

the person-situation controversy (trait versus state controversy)

Answer 27

considers the degree to which a person's reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or to the situation

Question 28

traits

Answer 28

internal, stable, and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

Question 29

states

Answer 29

unstable, temporary, and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by the external environment

Question 30

instincts

Answer 30

unlearned behaviors that are present in fixed patterns throughout a species (represent the contribution of genes)

Question 31

drives

Answer 31

urges originating from physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness

Question 32

needs

Answer 32

in addition to physiological drives, includes higher level needs such as aspirations, a need for belonging, etc.

Question 33

incentives

Answer 33

external stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that help or discourage certain behaviors (as opposed to drives, which are internal)

Question 34

Abraham Maslow

Answer 34

sought to describe human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs (first we meet physiological needs; when those are met, we seek safety; then love and belongingness; then self esteem needs; and finally self actualization

Question 35

psychological disorder

Answer 35

a set of behavioral and/or physiological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

Question 36

panic disorders

Answer 36

a type of anxiety disorder; a person has suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them (can be causes by something, but are often uncued)

Question 37

panic attacks

Answer 37

causes a person to experience intense dread along with shortness of breath, chest pain, a choking sensation, and cardiac symptoms; last less than 30 mins, but can be debilitating

Question 38

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 38

a type of anxiety disorder; causes a person to feel tense or anxious most of the time about many issues, but does not lead to panic attacks; the source of the stress can change or there may be no identifiable source; the distress is not severe and includes restlessness, tiring easily, difficult concentrating, irritability, etc.

Question 39

phobia

Answer 39

a type of anxiety disorder; occurs when a person feels a strong fear that they recognize as unreasonable, but almost always causes either generalized anxiety or a panic attack when presented with it; can either be a specific phobia or a social phobia

Question 40

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 40

a type of anxiety disorder; arises when a person feels intense fear, horror, or helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic experience that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or others; symptoms must be present for at least one month

Question 41

acute stress disorder

Answer 41

is similar to PTSD, but symptoms are present for less than one month

Question 42

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 42

a type of anxiety disorder; occurs when a person has obsessions, compulsions, or both

Question 43

obsessions

Answer 43

repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety; the person knows the thoughts are irrational and tries to disregard them or neutralize them through compulsive behaviors

Question 44

compulsions

Answer 44

repeated mental or physical behaviors that are done in response to an obsession in order to reduce stress or prevent something dreaded from occurring; the person realizes that the behavior is not reasonable

Question 45

somatoform disorders

Answer 45

psychological disorders characterized primarily by physical symptoms, which may mimic physical diseases, but are not explainable medically and do not improve with medical treatment

Question 46

conversion disorder

Answer 46

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences changes in sensory or motor function that has no discernible cause and seems to be affected by psychological factors

Question 47

pain disorder

Answer 47

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

Question 48

somatization disorder

Answer 48

a type of somatoform disorder; occurs when a person experiences a variety of physical symptoms over an extended period that have caused significant impairment

Question 49

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 49

a type of somatiform disorder; occurs when a person is preoccupied with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance

Question 50

hypochondriasis

Answer 50

a type of somatiform disorder; occurs when a person is preoccupied with a fear of having a serious illness for at least 6 months and the fear is not relieved even when medical investigation reveals no illness

Question 51

schizophrenia

Answer 51

a chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality (psychotic) and suffers material impairment in social, occupational, or personal function; symptoms of psychosis can either be positive (meaning something has been added) or negative (meaning something has been taken away); symptoms must be present for at least 6 months

Question 52

paranoid-type schizophrenia

Answer 52

psychosis occurs in the form of hallucinations and/or delusions, usually relating to a certain theme; negative symptoms, such as disorganized speech and catatonic behavior are not usually present

Question 53

disorganized-type schizophrenia

Answer 53

psychosis occurs in the form of a flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech (in which words are connected by rhymes, sounds, or free associations to the point where speech becomes unintelligible), and disorganized behavior (includes things like disrobing in public and laughing for no reason); delusions and hallucinations are not prominent

Question 54

catatonic type schizophrenia

Answer 54

psychosis occurs in the form of catatonic behavior; can include extremely retarded or excited motor activity

Question 55

undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

Answer 55

occurs when the basic criteria for schizophrenia are met, but the symptoms do not fit into one of the subtypes described

Question 56

residual type schizophrenia

Answer 56

occurs when the acute phase of schizophrenia has resolved and the symptoms are no longer met, but the person still appears off and some symptoms are still present in milder forms

Question 57

brief psychotic disorder

Answer 57

occurs when a person has displayed one basic psychotic symptom for less than a month

Question 58

schizophreniform disorder

Answer 58

occurs when a person has displayed the symptoms of schizophrenia for 1-6 months, during which time the symptoms may or may not have interfered with a person's functioning

Question 59

schizoaffective disorder

Answer 59

occurs when both the symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experiences for at least one month

Question 60

mood disorders

Answer 60

a persistant pattern of abnormal mood serious enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, and personal function

Question 61

affect

Answer 61

a person's visible emotion in the moment

Question 62

mood

Answer 62

a person's sustained internal emotion that colors his or her view of life

Question 63

major depressive disorder

Answer 63

a type of mood disorder; occurs when the person has suffered one or more major depressive episodes, in which they have felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly everyday, for at least 2 weeks

Question 64

dysthymic disorder

Answer 64

a less intense, chronic form of depression in which a person has felt milder symptoms of depression most days for at least two years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months, without experiencing any major depressive episodes

Question 65

bipolar disorder

Answer 65

a type of mood disorder; occurs when a person experiences cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or "poles": depression and mania

Question 66

bipolar I disorder

Answer 66

occurs when a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

Question 67

manic episode

Answer 67

``` occurs when a person has experienced abnormal euphoric, unrestrained, or irritable mood for at least one week, with at least three of the following symptoms: grandiose or delusional self-esteem high energy with no need for sleep increased talking poor judgment increased psychomotor activity distractibility ```

Question 68

mixed episode

Answer 68

a person has met the criteria for major depressive and manic episodes everyday for at least 1 week and the symptoms are severe enough to cause psychotic features

Question 69

bipolar II disorder

Answer 69

occurs when the manic phases are less extreme; a person has experienced cyclic moods, including at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, and no manic or mixed episodes

Question 70

hypomanic episode

Answer 70

for at least 4 days, a person has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable mood, with at least 3 symptoms of a manic episode, but at less severe levels

Question 71

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 71

is similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme; the person has experienced cyclic moods, including hypomanic episodes and many episodes of depressed mood that are milder than major depressive episodes for at least two years

Question 72

dissociative disorders

Answer 72

disruptions in awareness, memory, and identity that are extreme and/or frequent and cause distress or impaired functioning

Question 73

dissociative amnesia

Answer 73

a type of dissociative disorder; occurs when a person has had at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information, usually related to severe stress or trauma; amnesia can be localized (occurs when they forget everything from the event), selective (forget some events during that particular time), or generalized (forget their whole lifetime); usually ends suddenly with full recovery of memory

Question 74

dissociative fugue

Answer 74

occurs when a person suddenly goes on a journey, during which they cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

Question 75

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 75

occurs when a person alternates among two or more distinct identities, only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

Question 76

depersonalization disorder

Answer 76

occurs when a person has a recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental processes, as if observing themselves from the outside

Question 77

personality disorders

Answer 77

an enduring, rigid set of personality traits that deviate from cultural norms

Question 78

biological basis for schizophrenia

Answer 78

suggests that the pathway for the neurotransmitter, dopamine, is hyperactive in people with schizophrenia (dopamine hypothesis); in addition, schizophrenics have large cavities in their brains and less folding

Question 79

dementia

Answer 79

severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what is expected from normal aging

Question 80

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 80

characterized by the inability to form new memories (known as anterograde amnesia); is characterized by the formation of neurotic plaques, hard formations of B-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 81

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 81

is a movement disorder caused by death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantial nigra