Chapter 6 Review

Question 1

essential nutrient

Answer 1

a substance that must be provided to an organism

Question 2

macronutrient

Answer 2

required in large quantities

play principal roles in cell structure & metabolism

Question 3

What are examples of MACROnutrients?

Answer 3

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 4

micronutrient

Answer 4

Required in smaller amounts
Enzyme function & protein structure
Zinc, nickel & manganes

Question 5

What are examples of MICROnutrients?

Answer 5

Zinc, nickel & manganese

Question 6

Inorganic nutrient

Answer 6

an atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

Question 7

Natural reservoirs of inorganic compounds

Answer 7

are mineral deposits in the crust of the earth, bodies of water, and the atmosphere.
Ex: metals & their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate, gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide), and water.

Question 8

What cellular components contain carbon?

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

What cellular components contain nitrogen?

Answer 9

RNA (Nucleic Acids)

Question 10

What cellular components contain phosphorus?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates

Question 11

What cellular components contain sulfur?

Answer 11

Lipids

Question 12

_____ is the most abundant of all the components. (70%)

Answer 12

water

Question 13

_____ are the second most prevalent chemical.

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

About 97% of the dry cell weight is composed of ________

Answer 14

organic compounds

Question 15

About 96% of the dry cell weight is composed of the six elements _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 15

CHONPS

Question 16

What is the importance of micronutriends referring to toxic stuff

Answer 16

Some metals can be toxic to microbes
copper
silver
gold

Question 17

What is the importance of micronutrients?

Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron?

Answer 17

Sodium: cell transport
Calcium: stabilizes cell wall; endospore formation (Bacillus & Clostridium)
Magnesium: Chlorophyll; stabilizes ribosomes
Iron: Component of the cytochrome proteins

Question 18

Give examples of metals that are toxic to microbes.

Answer 18

Copper, silver & gold

Question 19

What is the microbial cytoplasm composed of?

Answer 19

70% water

96% of dry weight: CHONPS

Question 20

Cells synthesize over _______ different compounds.

Answer 20

5,000

Question 21

The main determinants of a microbe’s nutritional type are its sources of _____ & ______.

Answer 21

carbon & energy

Question 22

Heterotroph

Answer 22

“other feeder” that must obtain its carbon in an organic form; other organisms

Question 23

Autotroph

Answer 23

“self feeder” Use CO2 as carbon source; because they can convert CO2 into organic compounds, they are not nutritionally dependent on other living things.
Atmosphere → organic compounds

Question 24

Phototroph

Answer 24

microbes that photosynthesize

Question 25

Chemotroph

Answer 25

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

Question 26

Photoautotrophs

Answer 26

capture the energy of light rays and transform it into chemical energy that can be used in cell metabolism

Question 27

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 27

Two types: chemoorganic autotrophs & lithoautotrophs They remove electrons from inorganic substrates such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, or iron, and combine them with carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Question 28

Chemoautotrophs: chemoorganic autotrophs

Answer 28

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source

Question 29

Chemoautotrophs: lithoautotrophs

Answer 29

requires neither sunlight nor organic nutrients, relying totally on inorganic materials.

Question 30

What are the carbon and energy sources of chemoheterotroph?

Answer 30

Carbon sources: organic compounds | Energy sources: organic compounds

Question 31

Saprobes

Answer 31

free-living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms

Question 32

Parasites

Answer 32

derive nutrients from cells or tissues of a living host

Question 33

Ectoparasites

Answer 33

live on the body

Question 34

Endoparasites

Answer 34

live in the organs and tissues

Question 35

intracellular parasites

Answer 35

live within cells

Question 36

obligate parasites

Answer 36

unable to grow outside of host

Question 37

essential

Answer 37

chemicals that are necessary for particular organisms, which cannot manufacture by themselves

Question 38

For microbes, what are the essential nutrients?

Answer 38

``` CHONPS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate Sulfur ```

Question 39

How do microbes “eat”?

Answer 39

Transport of nutrients occurs across the cell membrane

Question 40

The driving force of transport is ___ and ____ movement.

Answer 40

atomic; molecular

Question 41

How does diffusion “work”?

Answer 41

Molecular movement, in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration

Question 42

Diffusion across the cell membrane is determined by:

Answer 42

concentration gradient | permeability of the substance

Question 43

Osmosis

Answer 43

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 44

Tonicity: Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

Answer 44

Isotonic=same hypotonic=water rushes in hypertonic=water rushes out