Chapter 6: Sugars and Polysaccharides

Question 1

What are the basic units of carbohydrates

Answer 1

monosaccharides

Question 2

How are monosaccharides synthesized

Answer 2

through gluconeogenesis

Question 3

linking several monosaccharides results in

Answer 3

oligosaccharides

Question 4

covalently linked monosaccharides result in

Answer 4

polysaccharides

Question 5

monosaccharides contain at least ___ carbon atoms

Answer 5

3

they’re sp3 hybridized

Question 6

If the carbonyl group on a monosaccharide is an aldehyde then it’s called

Answer 6

aldose

Question 7

If the carbonyl group on a monosaccharide is a ketone then it’s called

Answer 7

ketose

Question 8

define epimers

Answer 8

sugars that differ by only 1 carbon atom

Question 9

What is the configuration of the farthest carbon if it has a D prefix?

Answer 9

the -OH group is on the right side

Question 10

What is the configuration of the farthest carbon is it has an L prefix?

Answer 10

the -OH group is on the left side

Question 11

What results from a reaction of an alcohol w/ an aldehyde

Answer 11

Hemiacetals

Question 12

What results from a reaction of an alcohol w/ a ketone

Answer 12

Hemiketals

Question 13

simple sugars can cyclize forming…

Answer 13

furanose
pyranose

Question 14

In sugar ___ and ___ membered rings are most common due to greater stability

Answer 14

5 and 6

Question 15

Are furanose and pyranose rings planar?

Answer 15

NO

they’re sp3 hybridized

Question 16

In a pyranose ring OH in the ________ position are more reactive

Answer 16

equatorial

Question 17

sugar acids are generated from

Answer 17

redox reactions

Question 18

name the 3 types of sugar acids

Answer 18

1. gluconic
2. glucuronic
3. glucaric

Question 19

Gluconic acid forms from…

Answer 19

oxidation @ C1 position

Question 20

Glucuronic acid form from…

Answer 20

oxidation @ C6 position

Question 21

Glucaric acid forms from…

Answer 21

oxidation @ C1 & C6 positions

Question 22

amino sugars contain

Answer 22

an amino group @ the C2 position

Question 23

what are known as the simplest oligosaccharides

Answer 23

disaccharides

Question 24

disaccharides are linked by a

Answer 24

glycosidic sugar bond

Question 25

Any residue that has a free unsubstituted anomeric carbon is a

Answer 25

reducing sugar

Question 26

a nonreducing end is identified by

Answer 26

the anomeric carbon

Question 27

define anomeric carbon

Answer 27

the C1 carbon in a ring structure

Question 28

Oligosaccharides occur widely as components of

Answer 28

antibiotics

Question 29

give an example of an oligosaccharide

Answer 29

streptomyosin

Question 30

what are longer chains of oligosaccharides

Answer 30

polysaccharides

Question 31

polysaccharides are held together by

Answer 31

glycosidic bonds

Question 32

glycosidic bonds are hydrolyzed by

Answer 32

glycosidases

Question 33

define a homopolysaccharide

Answer 33

a polysaccharide that is composed of only 1 type of monosaccharide

Question 34

define a heteropolysaccharide

Answer 34

a polysaccharide that is composed of many types of monosaccharides

Question 35

polysaccharides function as....molecules

Answer 35

-storage -structural -recognition

Question 36

give 2 examples of storage molecules

Answer 36

- starch - glycogen

Question 37

give two examples of structural molecules

Answer 37

- chitin - cellulose

Question 38

give an example of recognition molecules

Answer 38

- cell surface polysaccharides

Question 39

what is a plant storage polysaccharide

Answer 39

starch

Question 40

what are the 2 forms of starch

Answer 40

amylose amylopectin

Question 41

characteristics of amylose

Answer 41

- alpha 1,4 links - 1 reducing end

Question 42

branches in amylopectin are...

Answer 42

alpha 1,6

Question 43

phosphorylase reaction releases

Answer 43

glucose-1-Phosphate

Question 44

what is known as the "animal starch" and the storage device for energy in animals

Answer 44

glycogen

Question 45

Does glycogen or amylopectin have more branching?

Answer 45

glycogen

Question 46

changes the glucose linkages from 1,4 to 1,6 results in the formation of...

Answer 46

dextrans

Question 47

do dextrans have branching? if so, where?

Answer 47

Yes 1,2 1,3 1,4

Question 48

Cross-linked dextrans are used as

Answer 48

Sephadex 60 | gel in column chromatography

Question 49

what is the principle structural component of invertebrates

Answer 49

chitin

Question 50

the C2 in chitin is

Answer 50

N-acetylated | NHC=OCH3

Question 51

what is the primary structural component of rigid plant cell walls

Answer 51

cellulose

Question 52

Cellulose and Chitin both contain what type of linkages

Answer 52

β 1,4

Question 53

what is the most abundant natural polymer in the world?

Answer 53

cellulose

Question 54

where is cellulose found?

Answer 54

- wood/bark - plant's cell wall

Question 55

what is almost pure cellulose

Answer 55

cotton

Question 56

both cellulose and chitin adopt a

Answer 56

fully extended "ribbon" conformation

Question 57

amylose has what type of linkages

Answer 57

bent α

Question 58

cellulose has what type of linkages

Answer 58

extended β

Question 59

cellulose fibers have exceptional strength due to its

Answer 59

highly cohesive hydrogen bonded structure

Question 60

Both cellulose and chitin form

Answer 60

hydrogen bonds

Question 61

define ruminants | giraffes, cattle, deer, camels, buffalo

Answer 61

animals that can metabolize cellulose

Question 62

How can ruminants metabolize cellulose?

Answer 62

b/c they have a bacterial cellulase in their rumen | rumen: large component in their stomach

Question 63

cellulase is considered a

Answer 63

β (1,4) glucosidase

Question 64

name 2 other structural polysaccharides

Answer 64

agarose glycosaminoglycans

Question 65

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear chains of

Answer 65

alternating uronic acid and hexosamine residues

Question 66

GAGs are known as what? why?

Answer 66

- ground substance - b/c collagen & elastin are found embedded in this gel like substance

Question 67

GAGs have a mucus-like consistency that results in

Answer 67

high viscosity and elasticity

Question 68

Heparin is a natural

Answer 68

anticoagulant

Question 69

Hyaluronates are components of

Answer 69

- vitreous humor of the eye & synovial fluid - lubricant fluid of body's joints

Question 70

Chondroitin's and keratin sulfate are found in

Answer 70

tendons & other connective tissues

Question 71

dermatan sulfate is a component of the

Answer 71

ECM of the skin

Question 72

GAGs are constituents of

Answer 72

proteoglycans

Question 73

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain ______ chains ________ attached to their polypeptide side chains

Answer 73

oligosaccharide covalently

Question 74

most eukaryotic proteins exist as

Answer 74

glycoproteins

Question 75

glycoproteins serve as

Answer 75

membrane receptors immunoglobins structural proteins

Question 76

N-linked oligosaccharides contain an ____________ that is _________ to the amide nitrogen of an ________ residue

Answer 76

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) β -linked asparagine (Asn)

Question 77

O-linked oligosaccharides contain an _____________ that is _________ to the hydroxyl group of either ______ or _____ residues.

Answer 77

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) α-linked serine threonine

Question 78

what is a diverse group of macromolecules that is found in the ECM between cells

Answer 78

proteoglycan

Question 79

Can proteoglycans be cell membrane receptors? If so, give an examples.

Answer 79

Yes syndecan

Question 80

Proteoglycans consist of a core protein to which at least one...

Answer 80

glycosaminoglycan chain is covalently linked

Question 81

What are the most common glycosaminoglycans found linked to the core protein of proteoglycans?

Answer 81

keratan sulfate chondroitin sulfate

Question 82

Describe syndecan

Answer 82

single transmembrane domain proteins

Question 83

Syndecan are coreceptors that contain

Answer 83

heparan sulfate chondroitin sulfate chains

Question 84

Syndecan can bind to a variety of ______ including ____ and ____

Answer 84

ligands VEGF FGF

Question 85

penicillin binds to and inactivates..

Answer 85

enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan strands of bacterial cell walls

Question 86

most bacteria that are resistant to penicillin secrete

Answer 86

penicillinase

Question 87

how does penicillinase function?

Answer 87

by cleaving amide bond of β-lactam ring in penicillin