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Biochemistry > Chapter 7: Lipids & Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Lipids & Membranes Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

where are lipids soluble

A
  • in organic solvents
  • sparingly in water

organis solvents: cholorform & methanol

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2
Q

list some lipid examples

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • non-protein membrane components
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3
Q

what are carboxylic acids w/ long chain hydrocarbon side groups?

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

fatty acids are rarely

A

free in nature

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5
Q

fatty acids occur as ________ ________ of various lipids

A

esterified components

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6
Q

about half of the fatty acid residues of plant animal lipids are

A

unsaturated

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7
Q

unsaturated lipids contain

A

double bonds

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8
Q

the most common fatty acids are of the

A

C16 & C18 species

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9
Q

saturated chains of fatty acids are packed ____ and form more…

A

tightly
rigid organized aggregates

aggreagte ex: membranes

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10
Q

unsaturated chains of fatty acids ________ and are packed in a ______ ______ way with greater potential for ________.

A

bend
less
ordered
motion

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11
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids the 1st double bond occurs between

A

C9 and C10

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12
Q

what rarely occurs in fatty acids

A

triple bonds

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13
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids the 2nd double bond occurs between

A

C12 and C13

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14
Q

fats and oils in plants and animals consist of mixtures of

A

triacylglycerols

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15
Q

Triacylglycerols are ______, water _______ substances

A

nonpolar
insoluble

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16
Q

triacylglycerols consist of fatty acid triesters of

A

glycerol

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17
Q

characteristics of triaclyglycerols

A
  • energy reservoirs
  • most abundant lipid
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18
Q

triacylglycerol are NOT components of

A

membranes

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19
Q

simple triacylglycerols contain

A

only 1 type of fatty acid

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20
Q

what type of triacylglycerol is most common in nature

A

mixed

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21
Q

what are major lipid components of biological membranes

A

glycerophospholipids
sphingolipids

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22
Q

glycerophospholipids are ________ molecules. Why?

A

amphiphilic

b/c of nonpolar aliphatic tails & polar phosphoryl head groups

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23
Q

on a glycerophospholipid saturated C16 and C18 fatty acids typically occur at the

A

C1 position

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24
Q

on a glycerophospholipid unsaturated fatty acids typically occur at the

A

C2 position

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25
name this phospholipid head group -H
phosphatidic acid
26
name this phospholipid head group -CH2CH2NH3+
phosphatidylethanolamine
27
name this phospholipid head group -CH2CH2N(CH3)3+
phosphatidylcholine
28
A C12 saturated fatty acid is named
lauric acid
29
A C14 saturated fatty acid is named
myristic acid
30
A C16 saturated fatty acid is named
palmitic acid
31
A C18 saturated fatty acid is named
stearic acid
32
A C16 fatty acid w/ 1 point of unsaturation is called
palmitoleic acid
33
A C18 fatty acid w/ 1 point of unsaturation is called
oleic acid
34
A C18 fatty acid w/ 2 points of unsaturation is called
linoleic acid
35
ether glycerophospholipids contain an _____ linkage at the _____ carbon of glycerol
ester C1
36
give 2 examples of ether glycerophospholipids
1. plasmalogens 2. PAF | PAF: platelet activating factor
37
plasmalogens are ether glycerophospholipids in which the
alkyl chain is unsaturated
38
PAF is a ether glycerophospholipid in which the
alkyl chain is saturated
39
choline plasmalogens are found in
various tissues like heart muscle
40
PAF is a potent
biochemical signal molecule
41
PAF has a short ______ moiety at the ____ position that allows for....
acetate C2 increased solubility
42
sphingolipids are derivatives of
sphingosine (C18 amino alcohols)
43
how is a ceramide formed
fatty acids joined to sphingosine through amide linkage
44
what is the most common sphingolipid
sphingomyelins
45
sphingomyelins are ceramides with either a
phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine
46
sphingomyelins are found in
myelin sheaths
47
what is the simplest sphingoglycolipid
cerebrosides
48
cerebrosides are ceramides w/
1 or more sugars in β glycosidic linkage at the 1-OH group
49
what type of cerebroside is prevalent in neuronal cell membranes of the brain
galactocerebrosides
50
what type of cerebroside is prevalent in cell membranes of various other tissues
glucocerebrosides
51
what is the most complex group of sphingoglycolipid
ganglioside
52
gangliosides must include at least
1 sialic acid residue
53
what hereditary disease is a result of the unavailability to break down sphingoglycolipid
Tay-Sachs disease
54
which sphingoglycolipid is associated w/ tay-sachs disease?
Gm2
55
steroids are derivatives of a molecule containing
4 fused saturated rings
56
cholesterol is a
sterol lipid
57
what is the most common steroid in animals and the precursor for all other steroids in animals
cholesterol
58
examples of cholesterol precursors are
cortisol testosterone estradiol progesterone
59
glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids play important roles as
chemical signals
60
the lifetimes of signals generated by glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are usually
very short
61
what cleaves fatty acids from a glycerophospholipid
phospholipases A1 & A2
62
cleaving fatty acids from a glycerophospholipid produces
lysophospholipids
63
what hydrolyzes on either side of the phosphate in the polar head
phospholipases C & D
64
hydrolyzation by phospholipases C & D produces
various signaling molecules
65
what is a phosphorylated sphingosine
sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
66
what are formed from amphiphilic molecules
micelles
67
In order to form micelles the ____ must be met
critical micelle concentration (CMC)
68
what is the critical micelle concentration
the # of amphiphilic molecules needed to form micelles
69
a higher CMC concentration indicates
smaller single hydrophobic tails
70
a lower CMC concentration indicates
larger double hydrophobic tails
71
liposomes are formed by
sonification of multilamellar vesicles to form unilamellar vesicles
72
what are 2 examples of clinically approved liposomal-based drugs
Daunoxome Doxil
73
lipid bilayers are extremely impermeable to
polar and ionic substances
74
what is transverse diffusion?
rare event of lipid transfer across the bilayer
75
define transition temperature
temp. at which phospholipids undergo a phase change
76
lipids are _______ above to transition temp.
mobile (fluid-like)
77
lipids are ______ below the transition temp.
less mobile (gel-like)
78
the transition temp. of a lipid bilayer increases with
chain length & degree of saturation
79
longer tail = higher ..... = higher .....
hydrophobic interactions transition temp
80
integral proteins are bound to membranes via
hydrophobic forces
81
peripheral proteins associate w/ the membrane by binding to
lipid head groups or integral proteins
82
peripheral proteins bind to lipid head groups/ integral proteins through
electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonding
83
what are known as compounds that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism
vitamins
84
list fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
85
vitamin A is also known as
retinol
86
vitamin A is generated by
enzymatic action in the liver from β carotene | abundant in carrots
87
vitamin A serves as the site of the primary photochemical reaction in
vision
88
vitamin D is abundant in
milk
89
how is vitamin D formed?
from cholesterol by the action of UV radiation
90
deficiency in vitamin D can lead to
rickets
91
what is the most active form of vitamin E
α-tocopherol
92
vitamin E is an
antioxidant
93
Vitamin K is an
important factor in the blood clotting process

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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