Chapter 6 - Targets of health promotion in Australia

Question 1

Smoking and vaping - quit campaigns

Answer 1

• Quit Victoria aims to decrease the use of both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes by assisting individuals to quit and preventing the uptake of these behaviors
• Quit Victoria website provides a range of materials to assist smokers and vapers in recognising reasons to quit, preparing to quit, staying smoke and vape free and managing setbacks

Question 2

Smoking and vaping - quit campaigns: ottawa charter

Answer 2

Build healthy public policy - Creating laws relating to smoking and vaping in public places, advertising, the ban on disposable vapes and the display of cigarettes in retail outlets

Create supportive environments - Quitline provides support throughout the quitting process

Strengthen community action - Quit is funded by the Victorian Government and VicHealth

Develop personal skills - Quitline provides advice and practical strategies for quitting

Reorient health services - Quit provides a free online learning training program for health professionals

Question 3

Smoking and vaping - quit campaigns: impact on health status

Answer 3

• A decrease in the prevalence of smoking-related conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory diseases
• A reduction in premature death from smoking-related diseases and therefore increased life expectancy
• Reduced incidence of low-birth weight babies, contributing to lower infant and under-5 mortality rates

Question 4

Smoking and vaping - quit campaigns: impact on health and wellbeing

Answer 4

• Reduced rates of smoking, resulting in higher levels of fitness in the population, promoting physical HW
• Lower levels of disease, which increase the capacity of people to stay socially connected, increasing levels of social HW
• Greater immune system functioning, resulting in lower levels of infectious diseases, meaning people can continue to work towards their purpose in life, such as attending work or school, promoting spiritual HW

Question 5

Alcohol misuse - the goods sports program

Answer 5

• This program provides sports club with free tools, resources and practical support to reduce the negative impacts of alcohol misuse
• Promotes healthy and inclusive conversations around mental health

Question 6

Alcohol misuse - the goods sports program: ottawa charter

Answer 6

Build healthy public policy - Provides sports clubs with free tools, resources and practical support

Create supportive environments - The Good Sports program moves away from an alcohol centered culture by promoting heathier, safer and more family-friendly environments for sporting clubs

Strengthen community action - The program involves both parents and clubs to reduce junior players’ exposure to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs, creating positive playing environments and equipping older players to act as positive role models and mentors

Develop personal skills - The program promotes positive behaviours around alcohol and fosters a safe, supportive atmosphere which provides young club members with lifelong decision-making skills that reduce potential harms from alcohol, such as road trauma caused by drink driving

Reorient health services - Increased access to health professionals before mental health issues escalate

Question 7

Alcohol misuse - the goods sports program: impact on health status

Answer 7

• By reducing the risk of members driving under the influence of alcohol, mortality rates due to road trauma may decrease
• Reducing exposure to tobacco smoke can reduce morbidity due to asthma by decreasing the risk of asthma attacks

Question 8

Alcohol misuse - the goods sports program: impact on health and wellbeing

Answer 8

• Increasing connections to sporting clubs can provide members with a sense of connection to their world, promoting spiritual HW
• Increasing participation in regular physical activity can assist in maintaining a healthy body weight, promoting physical HW

Question 9

Road safety - Victorian road safety strategy

Answer 9

• The strategy aims to halve the road toll by 2030 and to eliminate road accident deaths by 2050 by addressing a range of factors that contribute to road related injuries such as infrastructure, road laws, human behaviour and vehicle safety

Question 10

Road safety - Victorian road safety strategy: ottawa charter

Answer 10

Build healthy public policy - New laws and penalties will be developed to remove risk-takers from the roads swiftly

Creative supportive environments - Victorian Government is investing $35 million by delivering a fleet of new generation AI-enabled camera systems, utilising high-resolution cameras with image processing and machine learning software that can detect illegal mobile phone use, the absence of seatbelts and other offences

Strengthen community action - Acknowledges that road safety is complex and that it takes a collective response by government agencies, industry partners and the Victorian community to deliver safer roads

Develop personal skills - Supporting drivers to better understand the safest vehicle options in their price range, thereby maximising the benefits of the most advanced in-vehicle lifesaving and crash prevention strategy

Question 11

Road safety - Victorian road safety strategy: impact on health status

Answer 11

• Safer roads means fewer car crashes, reducing the incidence of injuries
• Less road trauma means fewer deaths, contributing to a higher life expectancy
• Reducing the number of permanent disabilities caused by road trauma acts to reduce YLD

Question 12

Road safety - Victorian road safety strategy: impact on health and wellbeing

Answer 12

• Less road trauma means people are less likely to be injured, allowing their body systems to function more effectively, promoting physical HW
• Fewer deaths on the road contributes to lower levels of grief in the community, promoting emotional HW
• If people are not injured as a result of road accidents, they are able to continue spending time with friends, increasing social HW

Question 13

Skin cancer - sunsmart

Answer 13

• Sunsmart is an initiative of cancer council Victoria
• SunSmart is a world leader and unpaid media strategies

Question 14

Skin cancer - sunsmart: ottawa charter

Answer 14

Build healthy public policy - SunSmart has developed a range of healthy public policies that can be adapted to individual childcare centres, kindergartens, schools and workplaces

Create supportive environments - Improving environmental protection strategies, such as providing information on options for built and natural shade and promoting the SunSmart UV app, which includes sun protection times based on UV levels for the day

Strengthen community action - Assists organisations such as early childcare centers, schools and workplaces to implement sun safety measures to protect their members

Develop personal skills - Mass adverting campaigns

Reorient health services - Providing support for community health workers, general practitioners and local governments in promoting awareness of UV exposure and early detection of skin cancer

Question 15

Skin cancer - sunsmart: impact on health status

Answer 15

• Reducing UV exposure acts to reduce the incidence of skin cancer
• Reducing rates of melanoma can reduce the number of premature deaths that this condition causes, increasing both HALE and life expectancy

Question 16

Skin cancer - sunsmart: impact on health and wellbeing

Answer 16

• Lower levels of UV exposure means fewer people will develop skin cancer, meaning more people living without disease, promoting physical HW
• Reducing rates of skin cancer means fewer people will die from this disease, reducing levels of grief within the community and promoting emotional HW

Question 17

Overweight and obesity - liveligher

Answer 17

• Livelighter works to help people eat well, be physically active and avoid excess weight gain
• Provides fact sheets and a range of healthy recipes to download for free from its website

Question 18

Overweight and obesity - liveligher: ottawa charter

Answer 18

Build healthy public policy - LiveLighter develops healthy public policies that workplaces can use to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Policy templates are available to download for free from the LiveLighter website

Create supportive environments - Advocating for less promotion of junk food, better access to healthy food for all, improved food labelling and infrastructure and policies to empower people to be more active

Strength community action - Works with retailers, universities, community organisations and all levels of governments to ensure that the healthy option is the easy option

Develop personal skills - Provides fact sheets and a range of healthy recipes to download for free from its website

Reorients health services - Providing professional development opportunities for health professionals, including GPs, that include topics such as ‘Weight management training for health professionals’ and ‘Talking to patients about health and weight.’

Question 19

Overweight and obesity - liveligher: impact on health status

Answer 19

• Reducing rates of obesity can contribute to lower incidence of related conditions, such as arthritis, depressions and type 2 diabetes
• Reducing levels of obesity in the community can mean that fewer people die prematurely from heart attack and stroke, decreasing mortality rates
• If fewer deaths occur as a result of obesity-related conditions, the population will experience an increase in life expectancy

Question 20

Overweight and obesity - liveligher: impact on health and wellbeing

Answer 20

• Reducing rates of obesity can mean that people have more energy, promoting physical HW
• Overweight and obesity can cause people to feel self-conscious, so reducing these conditions can contribute to higher levels of self-esteem among the population
• When people have a healthy body weight, they are more likely to participate in social activities such as going to the beach with friends, promoting social HW

Question 21

What is social justice

Answer 21

• Relates to fairness withing society and is based on the following principles
  o Human rights
  o Access
  o Participation
  o Equity

Question 22

What is closing the gap

Answer 22

• The goal of the campaign is to improve the health and life expectancy of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people so that it reaches the same standard as that of the rest of Australis population by 2030
• Specific targets include:
  o Close the gap in life expectancy within a generation
  o Increase the proportion of aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies with a healthy birthweight to 91%

Question 23

Closing the gap - ottawa charter

Answer 23

Build healthy public policy - Advocating for change and implementation of policies that support Indigenous people, such as increasing funding to ensure all Indigenous people have access to early childhood education.

Create supportive environments - Allowing Indigenous people to access medical care which increases the number of people who access care and improves health and wellbeing outcomes.

Strengthen community action - The Australian Government is working with local alcohol and drug treatment services in Indigenous communities.

Develop personal skills - By providing cultural awareness training for the medical workforce, including how different foods affect health and wellbeing, and importance of prenatal and postnatal care for mother and child.

Reorient health services - Program run in several communities by Indigenous health workers to prevent rather than treat chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes

Question 24

What is deadly choices imitative

Answer 24

• Works to encourage and empower Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to make healthy choices for themselves and their families (to stop smoking, eat good food and exercise daily)
• To achieve these goals the initiative provides a range of education programs, including tobacco cessation programs and cooking programs

Question 25

Deadly choices initiative - ottawa charter

Answer 25

Strength community action - Empowers Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to provide health services managed by fellow community members Develop personal skills - Provides a range of education programs, including tobacco cessation programs and cooking programs Reorient health services - Encourages people to access their local Community Controlled Health Service and complete an annual health check. This allows health workers to identify those at risk of health concerns and address them prior to the onset of disease or injury

Question 26

What is the 2Spirits program

Answer 26

- Embrace a whole community approach to improve the sexual health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander gay men and sistergirls through education, prevention, health promotion and community development activities - Examples of some of the services 2Sprint provides: o Printed resources and campaigns o Peer education workshops o Professional development program o Retreats for gay men, sistergirls and people living with HIV o Social support groups

Question 27

The 2Spirits program - ottawa charter

Answer 27

Build healthy public policy - Provides consultancy to non-government organisations (NGOs) and government and non-government agencies to include cultural identities, gender identities and sexuality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTQI sistergirl and brotherboy people as core elements of frameworks and policies Create supportive environments - Provides a culturally appropriate and safe network for people of all ages to promote access to health and wellbeing education, resources and support Strengthen community action - Conducts community forums across the state to develop rapport and partnerships with community stakeholders and services Develop personal skills - Cartoon characters ‘Condoman’ and ‘Lubelicious’ were created to develop personal skills in relation to sexual health in a culturally appropriate way. This includes resources such as comic books, short video clips, posters, key rings, condom packs and a Facebook page Reorient health services - Delivers an Inclusive Services Training Package for health professionals to improve their ability to appropriately support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTQI sistergirl and brotherboy people

Question 28

What is tackling indigenous smoking

Answer 28

- Works to improve life expectancy among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by reducing tobacco use - Local organisations run activities to reduced smoking rates

Question 29

Tackling indigenous smoking - ottawa charter

Answer 29

Build healthy public policy - Advises the Australian government on policies that can assist in closing the gap by reducing smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Developing and implementing smoke-free policies for other organisations in another key activity that the TIS program supports Create supportive environments - Provides regional tobacco grants for local organisations to implement tobacco cessation activities and Aboriginal Quitline enhancement grants, which aim to improve the capacity of Quitline services to provide accessible and culturally appropriate services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Develop personal skills - Developed a fully illustrated children’s book addressing tobacco use and promoting healthy behaviour through a well-known health promotion character in the community: Deadly Dan, the Smoke-Free Man! Reorient health services - Implements the three-day Quitskills training program, providing knowledge and skills for frontline community and health workers to assist them in supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in quitting smoking

Question 30

Considerations in evaluating programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders

Answer 30

- Whether the program has taken the specific needs of the target groups into account - Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate - Cultural taking consideration of the life they lived and culturally sense – relating to the hardships that they have experienced where some may be sensitive

Question 31

What are the 3 federal government initiatives to promote healthy eating

Answer 31

- Australian dietary guidelines - Australian guide to healthy eating - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander guide to healthy eating

Question 32

What is guideline 1 (third)

Answer 32

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amount of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

Question 33

What is guideline 2 (second)

Answer 33

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day (fruit, vegetables, grain, lean meats, dairy, water)

Question 34

What is guideline 3 (first)

Answer 34

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

Question 35

What is guideline 4 (fifth)

Answer 35

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

Question 36

What is guideline 5 (forth)

Answer 36

Care for your food, prepare and store it safely

Question 37

Strengths of the Australian dietary guidelines

Answer 37

- The guidelines are available for free download from the Est Well website, meaning that cost doesn't act as a barrier to accessing this resource - The number of serves and what constitutes a serve are included in the Australian dietary guidelines resource. This can assist males and females of different ages in consuming the recommended amounts of each food groups

Question 38

Limitations of the Australian dietary guidelines

Answer 38

- The five guidelines are written and may be hard for people with low literacy levels to understand and follow - The guidelines are based on the requirements of the average person. This can mean that the serving sizes are not appropriate for all people

Question 39

What is the Australian guide to healthy eating

Answer 39

- Visual tool that reflects to ADGs - Encompasses both guideline 2 and 3 - A useful model that provides basic nutrition advice however it doesn’t provide information on serving sizes and composite foods are not included and this can make the model difficult to follow

Question 40

What is the difference between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander guide to healthy eating and Australian guide to healthy eating

Answer 40

- Difference between the two models is that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander guide to healthy eating includes references to traditional foods (kangaroo, goanna and crab meat, bush fruits and vegetables and damper)

Question 41

Strengths of Australian guide to healthy eating

Answer 41

- The Australian guide to healthy eating is translated into more than 10 languages which increases the ability of those from linguistically diverse groups to utilise it - The guides provide a visual representation of Australian guidelines 2 and 3 this can make it easier for people to understand and therefore follow - A range of foods are included form different cultures which can assist different groups in improving their food intake

Question 42

Limitations of the Australian guide to healthy eating

Answer 42

- The guides show the proportions in which the five food groups should be consumed but do not provide information on serving sizes or numbers, which may mean that people consume too much or not enough food overall

Question 43

What does personal factors mean

Answer 43

Relate to characteristics of individuals that influence food intake

Question 44

What are some personal factors

Answer 44

- Willpower and taste preferences - Attitudes and beliefs - Health and wellbeing factors

Question 45

What is willpower and taste preferences relating to personal factors

Answer 45

- Most people prefer certain foods to others - This may be a result of factors such as taste preferences and past experiences

Question 46

What is attitudes and beliefs relating to personal factors

Answer 46

- An individuals attitudes and beliefs about food can be complicated and can include: o Perceptions that healthy foods are bland or tasteless o Ignoring the potential negative effects of unhealthy foods

Question 47

What is health and wellbeing factors relating to personal factors

Answer 47

- The health and wellbeing experiences by an individual can also influence the foods they consume - Food as a coping mechanism - Food allergies: omitting these foods may contribute to difficulty in following health promotion initiatives

Question 48

What does sociocultural factors mean

Answer 48

Relate to aspects of a person’s society and culture that influence food intake

Question 49

What are some sociocultural factors

Answer 49

- Socioeconomic status - Employment status - Family and peer group - Commercial factors

Question 50

What is socioeconomic status relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 50

- Education, income and occupation all influence the foods people consume - Lack of nutritional knowledge and cooking skills often predisposes people to consume unhealthy meals

Question 51

What is employment status relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 51

- For many families in which both parents are employed more time is spent working and less time is spent preparing food as a result convenience foods are often consumed in the home because there is a lack of time to purchase fresh ingredients and prepare a meal from scratch

Question 52

What is family and peer group relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 52

- The cultural and religious background of a family may include ties to traditional foods that have been consumed through generations

Question 53

What are some commercial factors

Answer 53

- Supply chain - Distribution and affordability - Processing - Packaging and labelling - Lobbying - Marketing strategies and use of the media

Question 54

What is commercial factors - supply chain relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 54

- Relate to the process that all foods go through from where they are produced and consumed - Supply chains influence the distribution and pricing of food

Question 55

What is commercial factors - distribution and affordability relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 55

- The prices that consumers pay for food are generally set by retailers such as supermarkets and restaurants

Question 56

What is commercial factors - processing relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 56

- Consumers may not be aware of the amount of additives added to foods which can impact their ability to bring about nutritional change

Question 57

What is commercial factors - packaging and labelling relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 57

- Packaging is often used as a marketing tool by food manufacturers - Food labelling is covered by laws in Australia, but claims made on products may still mislead consumers (a product may be ‘fat free’ but may contain high amounts of sugar)

Question 58

What is commercial factors - lobbying relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 58

- Many food companies are huge corporations that operate in Australia and overseas

Question 59

What is commercial factors - marketing strategies and use of the media relating to sociocultural factors

Answer 59

- The food industry actively markers its goods to consumers in a variety of ways (television, celebrities, newspapers)

Question 60

Environmental factors

Answer 60

Relate to the elements of the physical environment that influence food intake

Question 61

What is geographic location relating to environmental factors

Answer 61

- For people who live outside of major cities, food options may be more limited - Suburbs where socioeconomic disadvantage is greater tare often the suburbs with the highest number of fast-food outlets

Question 62

What is workplace relating to environmental factors

Answer 62

- Workplaces that do not have access to cooking facilities (many workplaces for tradespeople and those involved in transport) decrease the types of foods that employees can prepare for themselves which can make nutritional change difficult

Question 63

What is housing environment relating to environmental factors

Answer 63

- Meals are often consumed in the home and the facilities available in the housing environment influence the options available (refrigerators, ovens, freezers, stove) - Lack of access to these facilities impacts the manner in which people store and prepare their food which can limit the options available to them

Question 64

What is transport relating to environmental factors

Answer 64

- Many people require some form of transport to access food outlets in their neighbourhoods - Lack of access to transport can mean that people must rely on foods close to their homes or that can deliver, reducing their ability to make nutritional change