Chapter 8 - Comparing health status and human development across countries

Question 1

Reliant on primary production

Answer 1

The process of producing natural products for human use, such as plants and animals

Question 2

Subsistence farming

Answer 2

Self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family

Question 3

What does it mean developed countries

Answer 3

Were considered to have a high level of economic development and they were not solely reliant on primary production

Question 4

What does it mean developing countries

Answer 4

Had a low level of economic development and relied largely on primary production and subsistence farming

Question 5

Gross national income (GNI)

Answer 5

The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country (per capita is at country’s average income)

Question 6

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 6

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period

Question 7

High income countries examples

Answer 7

$12846 – more
- Australia
- USA
- United Kingdom

Question 8

Middle income country examples

Answer 8

$4466 – $1136
- China
- Fiji
- Turkey

Question 9

Low income country examples

Answer 9

$1135 – less
- Chad
- South Sudan
- Rwanda
- Afghanistan

Question 10

What is the world bank

Question 11

Economic characteristics

Answer 11

• Levels of poverty
• Range of industries
• Global trade
• Average incomes

Question 12

Economic characteristics meaning

Answer 12

Are a range of factors relating to the financial or economic state of a country

Question 13

Economic characteristics - low levels of poverty

Answer 13

High income:
- Small amount of population living in poverty

Middle income:
- Some of population living in poverty

Low income:
- Large proportion of population living in poverty

Question 14

Economic characteristics - wide range of industries

Answer 14

High income:
- Range of industries including mining, processing, manufacturing

Middle income:
- Mixture of industries

Low income:
- Limited range of industries usually centered on farming and primary production

Question 15

Economic characteristics - opportunities for global trade

Answer 15

High income:
- High levels of global trade which reflects high level of infrastructure

Middle income:
- Emerging global trade

Low income:
- Very few opportunities for global trade not generating goods desired by other countries combined with low levels of infrastructure

Question 16

Economic characteristics - high average incomes

Answer 16

High income:
- GNI per capita range $13846+

Middle income:
- GNI per capita range $4466-$1135

Low income:
- $1135-

Wider range of industries and greater opportunities for global trade = higher average income

Limited range of industries and less opportunities for global trade = lower average incomes

Question 17

Social characteristics
(she let be)

Answer 17

• Gender equality
• Birth and population rates
• Employment and education
• Social security systems
• Health systems
• Access to technology
• Legal systems

Question 18

Social characteristics - high levels of gender equality

Answer 18

High income:
- Often experience gender equality therefore males and females have opportunities and choices

Low income:
- Females do not have the same opportunities as males in society. Females may have limited opportunities for education and employment.

Question 19

Social characteristics - low birth rates and population growth

Answer 19

Low and middle income:
- High birth rates which can limit the ability of parents to care for all of their children and provide them with the resources required to live a healthy life

Question 20

Social characteristics - high levels of education and employment

Answer 20

High income:
- High rates of education and employment are

Middle income:
- Governments contribute significant funds to provide education opportunities

Low income:
-Many do not have a developed education system and families usually have to pay for their children to attend school.

Question 21

Social characteristics - developed social security systems

Answer 21

High income:
- High levels of economic development and stable political systems increase the ability of governments in high income countries to provide social security payments for those in need

Middle and low income:
- Low and middle income countries often do not have the means to provide assistance to those who are unemployed or unable to work and they are driven further into poverty

Question 22

Social characteristics - developed health systems

Answer 22

High income:
- Generally have public health systems. People are usually able to access basic healthcare when they need require it regardless of their ability to pay

Low and middle income:
- Often lack access to suitable healthcare, which affects the level of health and wellbeing they experience

Question 23

Social characteristics - access to technology

Answer 23

High income:
- Technology is more accessible due to a combination of economic resources, infrastructure and education

Low income:
- Often lack access to technology and this impacts on the ability of citizens to gain an education and earn an income

Question 24

Social characteristics - developed legal systems

Answer 24

High income:
- Experience strong and stable political and legal systems

Low income:
- Lack a strong legal system, and the health and wellbeing of their citizens can be affected as a result

Question 25

Environmental characteristics

Answer 25

- Safe water and sanitation - Food security - Housing - Infrastructure - Levels of carbon dioxide emissions

Question 26

Environmental characteristics - access to safe water and sanitation

Answer 26

Low and middle income: - Lack access to basic water and sanitation systems because the infrastructure required to provide these resources is often unavailable

Question 27

Environmental characteristics - food security

Answer 27

Low income countries: - Natural disasters such as floods and droughts tend to have a more pronounced impact on the availability of food as they lack the financial resources to purchase food in emergency situations

Question 28

Environmental characteristics - adequate housing

Answer 28

High income: - Experience adequate housing Low and middle income: - Often live in substandard housing with poor ventilation, lack of heating and cooling, poor resistance to infestation of disease carrying organisms - Experience inadequate housing

Question 29

Environmental characteristics - adequate infrastructure

Answer 29

High income: - Usually have adequate roads, piped water, sewage systems, electricity grids and telecommunication systems Low and middle income: - Often lack access to such facilities especially in rural and remote areas and urban slums

Question 30

Environmental characteristics - levels of carbon dioxide emissions

Answer 30

High income: - Due to the range of industries in these countries emit greater amounts of carbon dioxide per person into the atmosphere Low and middle income: - Often the most affected by climate change as they lack the economic resources to effectively deal with the associated impacts

Question 31

What is human development

Answer 31

Is about creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding peoples choices and enhancing their capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Question 32

Human development is about creating an environment in which people can

Answer 32

- Lead long and healthy lives - Lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests - Access knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities - Access resources needed for a decent standard of living such as housing and a reliable food and water supply - Participate in the life of the community - Participate in the decisions that affect their lives

Question 33

Human development index

Answer 33

A tool developed by the UN which ranks a country’s level of social and economic development. It is a single statistic based on 3 dimensions and 4 indicators

Question 34

What are the four indicators

Answer 34

- Life expectancy at birth - Mean years of schooling - Expected years of schooling - Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Question 35

Life expectancy at birth

Answer 35

The number of years of life on average remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change

Question 36

Mean years of schooling

Answer 36

The average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Question 37

Expected years of schooling

Answer 37

The number of years of formal education expected for a child of school entrance age

Question 38

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Answer 38

The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been pain, divided by the population of the country

Question 39

What are the three dimensions

Answer 39

- A long and healthy life - Knowledge - A decent standard of living

Question 40

Advantages of the human development index

Answer 40

- A composite statistic therefore makes comparisons easier - Analysing progress over time - Takes more than average incomes into account

Question 41

Disadvantages of the human development index

Answer 41

- Based on averages therefore inequality in countries - only reflects some parts of human development - no survey data collected

Question 42

Similarities and differences in life expectancy between high middle low income countries

Answer 42

Life expectancy higher for high income countries compared to middle and low income countries

Question 43

Similarities and differences in adult morality between high middle low income countries

Answer 43

Child morality higher for low and middle income due to undernourished and underdeveloped immune systems countries compared to high income countries who experience premature births and accidental causes

Question 44

Adult mortality and morbidity (high, middle, low)

Answer 44

Adult morality lower for high income countries compared to middle and low income countries due to access to healthcare throughout life but especially during pregnancy and birth

Question 45

What does double burden mean

Answer 45

When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community such as undernutrition and obesity

Question 46

Similarities and differences in burden of disease between high middle low income countries

Answer 46

Burden of disease is lower for high income countries due to rates of communicable disease, non communicable disease and injuries being higher among these in lower income countries

Question 47

Similarities and differences in human development between high middle low income countries

Answer 47

Human development is higher in high income countries compared to low income countries due to those experiencing infectious diseases and not be able to lead long and healthy lives

Question 48

Similarities and differences in human development index between high middle low income countries

Answer 48

Human development index is higher for high income countries compared to middle and low income countries

Question 49

Similarities and differences in life expectancy at birth between high middle low income countries

Answer 49

Life expectancy at birth is higher for high income countries compared to middle and low income countries

Question 50

Similarities and differences in mean and expected years of schooling between high middle low income countries

Answer 50

Mean and expected years of schooling are higher in high income countries due to greater access to education, resources, and infrastructure, whereas lower income countries tend to experience reduced access to schooling opportunities

Question 51

Similarities and differences in GNI per capita between high middle low income countries

Answer 51

GNI per capita is higher in high income countries, reflecting greater access to resources, employment opportunities, and higher living standards, whereas low income countries experience lower GNI per capita which can limit quality of life

Question 52

Safe water definition

Answer 52

Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses or chemicals.

Question 53

How does safe water affect health status

Answer 53

Stagnant water increases the spread of diseases like malaria, raising mortality rates and lowering health status.

Question 54

How does safe water affect human development

Answer 54

Time spent collecting water and illness from unsafe water leads to missed school, reducing education levels and future employment opportunities. In many communities, women spend hours collecting water, limiting their ability to pursue education, work, and participate fully in community life.

Question 55

Sanitation definition

Answer 55

Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal

Question 56

How does sanitation affect health status

Answer 56

Inadequate sanitation increases the spread of disease, lowering health status, especially in low and middle income countries.

Question 57

How does sanitation affect human development

Answer 57

Without private toilets, girls may be forced to wait until dark to relieve themselves, exposing them to risks such as assault, illness, and loss of dignity, reducing their ability to live according to their needs and interests.

Question 58

How does poverty + government services affect health status and human development

Answer 58

The wealth of a country indicates how much money the government is able to spend on services and infrastructure that can enhance the quality of life of its citizens and promoting human development and lowering health status

Question 59

How does poverty + nutritious food affect health status and human development

Answer 59

Due to poverty, many people experience undernutrition, weakening immune function and increasing vulnerability to infections and premature death, especially in children impacting human development and health status

Question 60

How does poverty + access to clean water and sanitation affect health status and human development

Answer 60

People experiencing poverty restricts the affordability of safe water sources and proper sanitation facilities which increases exposure to waterborne diseases and poor hygiene conditions, impacting health status and human development

Question 61

How does poverty + education affect health status and human development

Answer 61

Without proper education, people have fewer employment prospects and reduced ability to access basic needs such as food, water, and healthcare. Lower literacy and education levels decrease knowledge and skills, limiting people’s choices and capabilities to improve their quality of life and pursue fulfilling lives.

Question 62

How does poverty + healthcare affect health status and human development

Answer 62

Poverty reduces access to healthcare, increasing preventable illness and death. Poor health limits education, employment, and participation, restricting human development and the ability to lead fulfilling lives

Question 63

How does poverty + housing affect health status and human development

Answer 63

Poverty increases the risk of living in unsafe housing, leading to higher rates of disease, injury, and death. Poor housing limits access to education, technology, and safety, reducing human development and quality of life

Question 64

What does inequality and discrimination refer to

Answer 64

- Race - Religion - Sex - Sexual orientation - Gender identity

Question 65

Racial discrimination definition

Answer 65

When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status’

Question 66

How does race affect health status and human development

Answer 66

Racial discrimination occurs around the world and often results in preventing access to education, healthcare, community participation, employment and housing which affects human development and some experience abuse realte to health status

Question 67

How does religion affect health status and human development

Answer 67

Religious discrimination limits human development by restricting access to education, healthcare, and employment. It also increases stress, anxiety, depression, and harmful behaviors like smoking and substance abuse, lowering health status and life expectancy

Question 68

Sex definition

Answer 68

Refers to the physiological characteristics including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth

Question 69

How does sex affect health status and human development

Answer 69

Sex discrimination limits women’s autonomy and exposes them to violence, increasing injury rates and lowering health status. It also confines many women to low-paid, dangerous work such as forced sex work reducing their human development and ability to control their lives.

Question 70

Sexual orientation definition

Answer 70

Describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to

Question 71

How does sexual orientation affect health status and human development

Answer 71

Discrimination against non-heterosexual individuals increases injuries, mortality, and mental health issues like anxiety and depression. It also limits access to jobs, education, and healthcare, reducing income, knowledge, and overall ability to live healthy, fulfilling lives.

Question 72

Gender identity definition

Answer 72

Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both or neither

Question 73

How does gender identity affect health status and human development

Answer 73

Discrimination against transgender people increases mental illness, assault, and suicide, lowering life expectancy. It also limits job opportunities, reducing their control over life choices and human development.