Chapter 6: The Human body Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
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Anatomy
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Focuses on the physical structure of the body and it’s systems
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Physiology
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Examines normal functions and activities of biological components
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Pathophysiolgy
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Study of functional changes that accompany a disease or syndrome
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Umbilicus
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Navel or belly button
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Anatomic position
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Patient stands facing forward, arms at the side with palms of the hands forward
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Frontal (coronal plane)
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Divides body into front and back sections
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Saggital (lateral) plane
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Divides body into left and right sections
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Transverse (axial) plane
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Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections
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Skeletal system
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Framework of the body composed of. Bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
Consists of 206 bones
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Axial skeleton
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Part of the skeleton comprising of the skull, vertebral column, and rib (thoracic) cage
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Appendicular skeleton
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Comprises arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
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Joint
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Place where 2 bones come into contact
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Ligaments
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Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. Support and strengthen a joint
14
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Cartilage
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Connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system. Provides cushion between joints
15
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Tendon
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Tissue that attaches bone to muscle
16
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Joint capsule
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Fibrous sac that encloses a joint. Composed of connective tissue. Can be lax and thin to permit movement
17
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Sacroiliac Joint
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Connection point between pelvis and vertebral column. Surrounded by tough thick ligaments, little movement
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Articulate Cartilage
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Thin layers of cartilage which covers bones in moveable joints, allows bones to glide easily.
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Synovial Membrane
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Inside of joint capsule, makes synovial fluid lubricant to allow ends of bones to glide over each other
20
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Ball and socket joint
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Allows internal and external rotation (shoulder)
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Hinge joints
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Can bend and straighten but cannot rotate, they restrict motion to 1 plane. Finger, Elbow, Knee
22
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Cranium
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Part of skill that encloses the brain and consists of 8 bones
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Frontal bones
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Bones of the cranium that form the forehead
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Temporal Bones
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Lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
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Occipital
Most posterior bones of the cranium
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Foremen magum
Base of the cranium through which brain connects to the spinal cord
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Maxillae
Upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, and palate and hold the upper teeth
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Mandible
Lower jaw bone
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Vertebral Column
Formed by 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. Houses and protects the spinal cord
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Cervical Spine
C1-C7 skull attaches to Atlas (1st vertebrae) and axis (2nd vertebra). Fit together but move separately
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Thoracic spine
12 vertebrae that lie between the crevice and lumbar vertebrae. 1 pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
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Lumbar spine
Lower part of the back, formed by the lowest 5 non fused vertebrae also called the dorsal spine
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Sacrum
5 vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum. Joins the iliac bones to the pelvis via string ligaments at the sacroiliac joints
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Coccyx
Last 4 vertebrae, fused tithes to form the tailbone
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Intervertebral disks
Tough elastic structures adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
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Thorax
Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, aorta, venue canvas. Formed by 12 vertebrae T1-12 and 12 pairs of ribs
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Manubrium
Upper quarter of the sternum
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Xiphoid process
Narrow cartilanigous lower tip of the sternum
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Pectoral girdle
Supporting structure for the arms which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton, made up of clavicles and scapulae
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Radius
Bone on thumb side of forearm
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Ulna
Inner bone of the forearm, opposite of thumb
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Carpals
Eights bones that form the wrist
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Metacarpals
5 bones of the hand, between carpals and phalanges
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Phalanges
Bones of fungus and toes. Thumbs has 2, fingers have 3
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Pelvic girdle
Supporting structure for the legs which serves to connect legs to axial skeleton, consists of 2 large hip bones called coxae, sacrum, and coccyx
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Coxae
Hip bone formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
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Pubic symphasis
Hard bony cartilanginius prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where 2 halves of pelvic ring are joined by cartilage with minimal motion
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Femoral head
Proximal end of the femur articulates with the acrtabulum of the pelvic girdle by ball and socket joint
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Patella
The knee cap
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Tibia
The shinbone, larger of two lower leg bones
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Fibula
Smaller of 2 leg bones, located on lateral side
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Calcaneus
Heel bone
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Respiratory system
Includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which are lol passages and airways.
Also includes lungs, where oxygen is passed into the blood and carbon dioxide removed
Includes diaphragm, the muscles of the chest wall, and accessory muscle
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Nasopharynx
Upper e took of the pharynx that connects with the naval cavity above the palate
Warm, filter, and humidify air as your breathe. Air that enters through mouth is more rapid and dry
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Larynx
Voicebox, where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins
Any solid or liquid material will result in violent episode of coughing and spasm of the vocal cords
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Oropharynx
Tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
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Esophagus
Collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contraction propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
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Trachea
Windpipe, main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
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Epiglottis
Thin-leaf shaped flap that covers the larynx during swallowing and then lifts for air passage during breathing l
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Alveoli
Air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Walls contain tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries) that vary carbon dioxide from body to lunges and oxygen from lungs to body
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Thyroid cartilage
Adam’s apple
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Lungs
Supplied air by main stem bronchi.
Right lung has 3 lobes, and the left lung has 2 lobes
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Pluera
Serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax. Permits smooth gliding of the tissue
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Diaphragm
Some that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction brings air into the lungs, relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
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Bag-mask device
Device with one way valve and a face mask attached to a valve. When attached to a reservoir and connect to oxygen. It delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen. Holds 1000 to 1200 ML or air
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Heart
Divided into Atrium (upper) and Ventricle (lower)
Left side pumps blood to the body (high pressure pump)
Right side supplies blood to the lungs (low pressure pump)
Requires continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
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Aorta
Main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
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Coronary arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart muscle
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Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction 70 - 80 ml
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Cardiac output
Amount of blood moved in 1 minute 5 to 6 L. Equals heart rate * stroke volume
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Arterioles
Smallest branch of arteries leading to vast network of capillaries
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Pulse
Wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and directed blood out of the left ventricle and into major arteries.
Neck, wrist, bicep, groin, ankle
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Veins
Blood vessels they carry blood from the tissues to the heart. Thinner wall a and larger then arteries
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Spleen
Digest and recycled red blood cells. Has delicate tissue and location makes it prone to injury, can cause significant internal bleeding
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Systolic blood pressure
Pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting (heart pumping effectiveness)
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Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure in the arteries when heart is at rest (indicates amount of blood within blood vessels)
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Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Provides information about the body’s response to stress
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Loss of normal blood pressure
Blood is not circulating efficiently to organs in the body, can lead to hypoperfusion (shock)
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Adrenal glands
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
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Epinephrine
Adrenaline
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Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain, sometimes called gray matter. Control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual, perception, and personality
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Cerebellum
Sometimes called the little brain, coordinates various activities of the brain particular fine body movements i.e writing
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Brainstem
Connects cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. Controls all involuntary, life sustaining functions; heart rate, breathing, temperature regulation, digestion, etc
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
Located in brainstem, responsible for maintenance of consciousness. In a concussion loss of consciousness is due to momentary interruption with RAS
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Filters out impurities and toxins, and absorbs shock - allows brain to shift without being damaged
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Sensory nerve
Nerves that carry sensations such as taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system
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Motor nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
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Epidermis
Outer layer of the skin which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
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Germinal layer
Deepest layer of epidermis, where new skin cells are formed
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Dermis
Inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessles
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Subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, largely fat, lies directly under the dermis and serves and an insulator of the body
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Mucous membrane
Linings of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
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Liver
Right upper an quadrant - produces bike, stores glucose for immediate use and produces substances that help regulate immune response
Protected by 8th to 12th ribs
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Gallbladder
Sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile and discharges it into the duendepim through the common bike duct
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Left upper quadrant (abdomen)
Stomach, spleen, and portion of the colon
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Right Lowe quadrant (abdomen)
2 portions of large intestine and spleen
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Retroperitoneal organs
Behind the abdominal cavity (kidney and pancreas)
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Pituitary
Regulates endocrine glands
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Thyroid
Regulates. Metabolism
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Pancreas
regulates glucose metabolism and other functions
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Kidneys
Excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate body’s salt and water content
High blood flow
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Diffusion
Movement of gas from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Respiratory compromise
Inability for body to move gas effectively, which can result in hypoxia (decreased oxygen in the body) and elevated levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia)
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Edema
Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cell body in tissues, causing swelling in affected areas (pneumonia)
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Anaerobic metabolism
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; main by product is lactic acid
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Baroreceptors
Allows brain to receive information about blood pressure. Found in the aorta and carotid arteries. Detect change
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Peripheral nerves
Brain to spinal cord to body part, receive stimulus from body and send commands to body
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Spinal cord
Primary function is to transmit messages from the brain to the body along nerve fibers as electrical impulses
