Chapter 6 The Human Body Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges
A
metatarsals
2
Q
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated muscle
A
voluntary muscle
3
Q
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
A
semen
4
Q
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
A
trachea
5
Q
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eiht bones
A
cranium
6
Q
The space within a cell or cells
A
intracellular space
7
Q
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
A
carotid artery
8
Q
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
A
thorax
9
Q
Substances designed o speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
A
enzymes
10
Q
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
A
cardiac output
11
Q
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
A
radial artery
12
Q
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
A
sebaceous glands
13
Q
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
A
seminal vesicles
14
Q
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
A
ischium
15
Q
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
A
frontal bones
16
Q
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
A
pulse
17
Q
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
A
midsagittal plane
18
Q
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
A
biceps
19
Q
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
A
pubic symphysis
20
Q
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
A
kidneys
21
Q
A condition in which the circulatory systems fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
A
shock
22
Q
The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are formed
A
germinal layer
23
Q
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
A
joint capsule
24
Q
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
A
urethra
25
The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
skeletal system
26
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
femoral artery
27
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
scalp
28
A device used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
29
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal
Spinal cord
30
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
alpha-adrenergic receptors
31
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
pathophysiology
32
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
radius
33
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
oropharynx
34
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
norepinephrine
34
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left artium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
pulmonary circulation
35
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
mucus
36
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
stroke volume
37
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
systole
38
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
testicle
39
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
adrenergic
40
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
midbrain
41
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
coccyx
42
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
sweat glands
43
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
gallbladder
44
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock
hypoperfusion
45
The projection on the medical/superior portion of the femur
lesser trochanter
46
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
zygomas
47
The position of references in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
anatomic position
48
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
hypoxia
49
The supporting bone of the upper arm
humerus
50
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
lumbar spine
51
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia
hypercapnia
52
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
red blood cells
53
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureter
54
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
orbit
55
small bones that compose the wrist
carpals
56
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
ulna
57
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
transverse plane
58
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
white blood cells
59
located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal
reticular activating system
60
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
thoracic spine
61
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
oncotic pressure
62
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
topographic anatomy
63
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
aorta
64
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
V/Q ratio
65
The use of muscle of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
labored breathing
66
behind the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
67
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
68
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
hypoxic drive
69
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
beta-adrenergic receptors
70
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
temporal bones
71
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
digestion
72
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
dermis
73
The space in between the cells
interstitial space
74
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions proper food and liquids through it to the stomach
esophagus
75
The straightening of a joint
extension
76
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
motor nerves
77
Muscles that encirlce and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
sphincters
78
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
triceps
79
The functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells
neurons
80
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
subcutaneous tissue
81
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
liver
82
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
peripheral nervous system
83
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
urinary bladder
84
The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.
ventilation
85
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear (also known as the fight-or-flight system).
sympathetic nervous system
86
The bending of a joint.
flexion
87
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic metabolism
88
The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (ie, tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.
tarsals
89
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.
intervertebral disks
90
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
coronal plane
91
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
adrenal glands
92
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.
posterior tibial artery
93
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
appendix
94
One of the two lower chambers of the heart.
ventricle
95
The hip bones
coxae (singular: coxa)
96
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
abdomen
97
One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
sacrum
98
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
cricoid cartilage
99
The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
physiology
100
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.
epidermis
101
The upper quarter of the sternum.
manubrium
102
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.
systemic vascular resistance
103
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
synovial membrane
104
A set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
cellular metabolism
105
The bone of the lower jaw.
mandible
106
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.
salivary glands
107
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
nervous system
108
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
small intestine
109
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
anaerobic metabolism
110
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
axial skeleton
111
The reproductive system in men and women.
genital system
112
The lowermost end of the colon.
rectum
113
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
patella
114
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
large intestine
115
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.
platelets
116
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
bracial artery
117
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
nasopharynx
118
The bones of the fingers and toes.
phalanges
119
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple.
thyroid cartilage
120
The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
hydrostatic pressure
121
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus.
ovaries
122
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
lymph nodes
123
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
acetabulum
124
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.
somatic nervous system
125
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.
peristalsis
126
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. These tissues support and strengthen a joint.
ligaments
127
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.
axons
128
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.
sacroiliac joint
129
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
brainstem
130
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal.
vagina
131
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
femoral head
132
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
133
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man.
expiratory reserve volume
134
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
diaphragm
135
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
minute volume
136
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder.
renal pelvis
137
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.
superior vena cava
138
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
heart
139
A medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree; a substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.
epinephrine
140
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
fallopian tubes
141
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
142
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
dorsalis pedis artery
143
A pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
articular cartilage
144
The heart muscle.
cardiac muscle
145
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
plasma
146
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.
inferior vena cava
147
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.
pleura
148
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
diastole
149
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection.
symphyses
150
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
malleolus
151
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
bile ducts
152
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
ilium
153
One of the two upper chambers of the heart.
atrium
154
The heel bone.
calcaneus
155
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.
lymph
156
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin.
pancreas
157
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
anatomy
158
The shoulder blade.
scapula
159
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
parietal bones
160
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.
ball-and-socket joint
161
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.
tunica media
162
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
capillary vessels
163
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
lactic acid
164
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood.
pulmonary artery
165
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
pulmonary veins
166
The brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
167
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveoli
168
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration.
metabolism
169
The chest or rib cage.
thoracic cage
170
The linings of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.
mucous membranes
171
The place where two bones come into contact.
joint
172
The navel; also called the belly button.
umbilicus
173
The breast bone.
sternum
174
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.
prostate gland
175
The outermost or dead layer of the skin.
stratum corneum
176
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
arterioles
177
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.
musculoskeletal system
178
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
agonal gasps
179
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
residual volume
180
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
hinge joints
181
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
cervical spine
182
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
maxillae
183
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
cerebellum
184
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
pons
185
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
femur
186
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels.
perfusion
187
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
epiglottis
188
The heart muscle.
myocardium
189
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.
respiration
190
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
dead space
191
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts.
sagittal plane
192
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
appendicular skeleton
193
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
vetrebral column
194
The inability of the body to move gas effectively.
respiratory compromise
195
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
endocrine system
196
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
adenosine triphosphate
197
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
198
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.
autonomic nervous system
199
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
blood pressure
200
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
tibia
201
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
chyme
202
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.
respiratory system
203
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
cricothyroid membrane
204
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
tendons
205
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
involuntary muscle
206
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
circulatory system
207
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.
pectoral girdle
208
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs.
systemic circulation
209
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
pelvic girdle
210
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
cecum
211
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume
212
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.
pleural space
213
Bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.
metacarpals
214
The most posterior bone of the cranium.
occipital bone
215
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
medulla oblongata
216
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
clavicle
217
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.
brain
218
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation.
parasympathetic nervous system
219
The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath.
tidal volume
220
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.
fibula
221
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.
synovial fluid
222
The small organs that produce hair.
hair follicles
223
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.
skeletal muscle
224
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
greater trochanter
225
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
chordae tendineae
226
The bones of the vertebral column.
vertebrae
227
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
cerebrospinal fluid
228
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.
sensory nerves
229
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
cartilage
230
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
hormones
231
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity.
smooth muscle
232
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute).
heart rate
233
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.
cerebrum
234
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.
urinary system
235
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
