Chapter 6 The Human Body Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Abdomen
A
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
2
Q
Acetabulum
A
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
3
Q
Adams apple
A
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called the thyroid cartilage
4
Q
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
A
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
5
Q
Adrenal gland
A
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
6
Q
adrenergic
A
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenalin; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
7
Q
Aerobic metabolism
A
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
8
Q
Agonal gasps
A
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breath’s, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
9
Q
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
A
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
10
Q
alveoli
A
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
11
Q
Anaerobic metabolism
A
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid
12
Q
Anatomic position
A
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
13
Q
Aorta
A
The main artery leading the left side of the heart and caring freshly oxygenated blood to the body
14
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
15
Q
Appendix
A
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
16
Q
Arterioles
A
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
17
Q
Articular cartilage
A
April he layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
18
Q
Atrium
A
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
19
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
20
Q
Axial skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
21
Q
Ball and socket joint
A
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
22
Q
Beta adrenergic receptors
A
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
23
Q
Biceps
A
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
24
Q
Bile ducts
A
The ducts that convey pile between the liver and the intestine
25
Blood pressure BP
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
26
Brachial artery
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
27
Brain
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
28
Brainstem
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
29
Capillary vessels
The tiny blood vessel's between arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
30
Cardiac muscle
The heart muscle
31
Cardiac output CO
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
32
Carotid artery
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
33
Cartilage
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
34
Cecum
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
35
Central nervous system CNS
The brain and spinal cord
36
Cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements
37
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
38
Cerebrum
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
39
Cervical spine
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that light in the neck
40
Chordae tendineae
Thin band of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
41
Chyme
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all of the eaten Foods with added stomach acids
42
Circulatory system
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
43
Clavicle
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
44
Coccyx
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
45
Coronal plane
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
46
Cranium
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain
47
Cricoid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
48
Circothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
49
Dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
50
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
51
Diaphragm
A muscular done that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
52
Diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
53
Diffusion
Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
54
Digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
55
Dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsal's
56
Endocrine system
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
57
Enzymes
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
58
Epidermis
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
59
Epiglottis
A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
60
Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal Medulla that has a vital role in the function of sympathetic nervous system
61
Esophagus
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
62
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man
63
Extension
The straightening of a joint
64
Fallopian tube
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
65
Femoral artery
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs it can be palpated in the groin area
66
Femoral head
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
67
Femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
68
Flexion
The bending of a joint
69
Foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
70
Frontal bone
The portion of the cranium that forms the forhead
71
Gallbladder
A sack on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
72
Genital system
The reproductive system in men and women
73
Germinal layer
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
74
Greater torchanter
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the tie, just below the hip joint
75
Hair follicles
The small organs that produce hair
76
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
77
Heart rate HR
The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually one minute
78
Hinge joints
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restricted motion to one plane
79
Hormones
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and Carrie to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
80
Humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
81
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
82
Hypoxic drive
A back up system to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
83
Ilium
One of three bones that fuses to form the pelvic ring
84
Inferior Vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
85
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
86
Interstitial space
The space between the cells
87
Involuntary muscle
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
88
Ischium
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
89
Joint (articulation)
The place where two bones come into contact
90
Joint capsule
The fibrous sack that encloses a joint
91
Kidneys
To retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
92
Labored breathing
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
93
Lactic acid
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
94
Large intestine
The portion of the digestive tube that in circles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the Colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and illuminate solid waste
95
Lesser torchanter
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
96
Ligament
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
97
Liver
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate used by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
98
Lumbar spine
The lower part of the back formed by the lowest 5 non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
99
Lymph
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
100
Lymph nodes
Tiny, oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
101
Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw
102
Manubrium
The upper quarter of the sternum
103
Maxillae
The upper job bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth
104
Medulla oblongata
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, reading, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
105
Metabolism( cellular respiration)
The bio chemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
106
Midbrain
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
107
Mid sagittal plane (midline)
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
108
Minute volume
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
109
Motor nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
110
Mucous membranes
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
111
Mucus
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
112
Musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
113
Myocardium
The heart muscle
114
Nasopharynx
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
115
Nervous system
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
116
Norepinephrine
In Neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through it's Alpha stimulator properties
117
Occiput
The most posterior portion of the cranium
118
Oncotic pressure
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
119
Orbit
The eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
120
Oropharynx
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
121
Ovaries
Female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)
122
Pancreas
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
123
Parasympathetic nervous system
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the Vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
124
Parietal bones
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
125
Patella
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
126
Pathophysiology
The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
127
Perfusion
The circulation of oxygenated blood within the organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs
128
Peripheral nervous system PNS
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
129
Peristalsis
The wave like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
130
Plasma
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
131
Platelets
Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
132
Pleura
The serous membrane's covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
133
Pons
And organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the Madullary respiratory center
134
Posterior tibial artery
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
135
Prostate gland
A small gland that surround the urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
136
Pubic symphysis
A hard, Bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lower most portion of the abdomen where the 2 halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
137
Pubis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
138
Pulmonary artery
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood
139
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
140
Pulmonary veins
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
141
Pulse
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
142
Radial artery
The major artery in the form it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
143
Radius
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
144
Rectum
The lower most end of the colon
145
Red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
146
Renal pelvis
A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
147
Residual volume
The air is that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
148
Respiration
The inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiological process the exchange is carbon dioxide from fresh air
149
Respiratory compromise
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
150
Respiratory system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
151
Reticular activating system
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal
152
Retroperitoneal
Behind the abdominal cavity
153
Sacroiliac joint
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
154
Sacrum
One of 3 bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five infused sacral vertebrae
155
Sagittal (lateral) plane
And imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
156
Salivary gland
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
157
Scalp
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
158
Scapula
The shoulder blade
159
Sebaceous glands
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shaft of the hairs
160
Semen
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
161
Seminal vesicles
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
162
Sensory nerves
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain in the body to the central nervous system
163
Shock
And abnormal state associated with in adequate oxygen and nutrients delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypoperfusion
164
Shoulder girdle
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
165
Skeletal muscle
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
166
Skeleton
The framework that gives the body it's recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
167
Small intestine
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
168
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
169
Somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
170
Sphincters
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes examples are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels
171
Sphygmomanometer
A device used to measure blood pressure
172
Spinal cord
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord
173
Sternum
The breastbone
174
Stratum corneal layer
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
175
Stroke volume SV
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
176
Subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, Largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
177
Superior Vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and just into the heart
178
Sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
179
Symphysis
A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
180
Synovial "fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
181
Synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
182
Systemic circulation
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
183
Systemic vascular resistance SVR
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move with in the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
184
Systole
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
185
Temporal bones
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
186
Tendons
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
187
Testicle
A male genital gland that contains the specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
188
Thoracic cage
The test or rib cage
189
Thoracic spine
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
190
Thorax
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
191
Thyroid Cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple
192
Tibia
The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
193
Tidal volume
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
194
Topographic anatomy
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
195
Trachea
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
196
Transverse (axial) plane
And imaginary line where the party is divided into top and bottom parts
197
Triceps
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
198
Tunica media
The middle and thickest layer of the tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allowed the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
199
Ulna
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
200
Ureter
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the Bladder
201
Urethra
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
202
Urinary bladder
A sack behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
203
Urinary system
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
204
Vagina
A muscular, distendable double tube that connects the uterus with the Vulva; also called the birth canal
205
Vasa diferentia
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
206
Ventilation
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
207
Ventricle
One of two lower chambers of the heart
208
Vertebrae
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
209
Voluntary muscle
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can't be contracted or relaxed at Will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
210
White blood cells
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
211
xiphoid process
The Nero, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
212
zygomas
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings that sphenoid bone
