Chapter 6: Tour of Cell

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

All organisms are made of one or more cell, cells are the basic unit of organization in all organisms, cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell

Question 2

Light Microscopes

Answer 2

Pass light through a specimen and can magnify up to x1000. Can see mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast

Question 3

Scanning Electron Microscopes

Answer 3

Focus on a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen providing images that look 3D

Question 4

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 4

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen and allows resolution of the internal structures of the cells.

Question 5

Cell Fractionation

Answer 5

Technique used to separate cells in terms of their major organelles. Allows scientists to study the organelles more closely and individually.

Question 6

Basic features of all cells?

Answer 6

Plasma Membrane, Semifluid called cytosol, chromosomes made of DNA, Ribosomes

Question 7

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Cytoplasm is a combination of cytosol and organelles. Cytoplasm is the “liquid” part of cytoplasm. There are NO organelles in cytosol!!

Question 8

What is the plasma membrane made out of?

Answer 8

Phospholipid Bi-Layer. Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail.

Question 9

Omnis Cellula e Cellula

Answer 9

All cells from cells

Question 10

Why is Surface Area to Volume Ratio so important in cells?

Answer 10

for functionality. Cells require a constant transport of fluids, nutrients and waste across the cell. Having a larger ratio is better.

Question 11

Why do eukaryotes have internal membranes that form their organelles?

Answer 11

to allow for multiple processes to go on at once

Question 12

what is the protein that makes up chromosomes?

Answer 12

chromatin

Question 13

What major process occurs in the nucleus?

Answer 13

DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis. (transcription and translation)

Question 14

What process occurs in the nucleolus?

Answer 14

rRNA synthesis. rRNA + proteins = ribosome

Question 15

What does the nuclear envelope do? And what does it consist of?

Answer 15

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. Is a double membrane consisting of phospholipid bi-layer

Question 16

function of nuclear pores?

Answer 16

regulate entry and exit of molecules from nucleus

Question 17

function of nuclear lamina?

Answer 17

covers inside of INNER MEMBRANE of nucleus, holding the nucleus’ shape.

Question 18

what is the nuclear lamina made of?

Answer 18

protein lamina

Question 19

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 19

rRNA and Proteins!

Question 20

Ribosomes are…

Answer 20

NOT membrane bound organelles

Question 21

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

Answer 21

Nuclear Envelope, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vesicles + Vacuoles, Plasma Membrane

Question 22

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

Answer 22

regulation of protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Question 23

NEG LVP

Answer 23

components of Endomembrane System

Question 24

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (general) made of?

Answer 24

set of interconnected tubules and flattened membranes called cisternae

Question 25

What does the ER membrane exactly do?

Answer 25

separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the ER lumen from the cytosol

Question 26

What are the functions of the Smooth ER?

Answer 26

Synthesize lipids, detoxifies drugs and toxins, stores calcium ions.

Question 27

Why does the nucleus only store SOME of the cells DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 27

because some DNA is housed in the mitochondrion and or chlorolpast

Question 27

What is contained in the outer nuclear membrane?

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

Functions of the Rough ER?

Answer 28

Protein synthesis, glycosylation, make new membrane for the cell, distribution of transport vesicles.

Question 29

What is glycosylation?

Answer 29

adding carbohydrates to proteins after translation to form gylcoproteins

Question 30

what are these so called "transport vesicles"?

Answer 30

membrane sacs carrying proteins and other molecules

Question 31

why do the different sections of the golgi apparatus function differently?

Answer 31

They possess different structural polarity. The membranes of the cisternae differ in thickness and molecular composition

Question 32

what does the "cis" side do in the golgi?

Answer 32

acts and the receiving end

Question 33

what does the "trans" side do in the golgi?

Answer 33

acts as the shipping end

Question 34

What are the primary functions of the golgi as a whole?

Answer 34

post transitional modification of glycoproteins. sorts and packages proteins

Question 35

what is the function of lytic compartments?

Answer 35

to breakdown molecules by hydrolytic enzymes via hydrolysis

Question 36

what are two main examples of lytic compartments?

Answer 36

lysosomes and lytic vacuoles

Question 37

what is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

Answer 37

stores macromolecules, water, and ions

Question 38

what is the function of the contractile vacuole found in many freshwater protists?

Answer 38

pumps excess water out

Question 39

what is the function of the food vacuole, found in protists?

Answer 39

to ingest food. formed transiently by phagocytosis in proteins

Question 40

what is the exception to cells breaking down their components?

Answer 40

DNA

Question 41

what is the process called when cells break down and recycle their components?

Answer 41

Autophagy

Question 42

how does autophagy take place?

Answer 42

damaged or needing to be recycled organelles are packaged into vesicles, and fuse with lysosomes to breakdown their components via hydrolysis.

Question 43

What is the cellular cause of Tay-Sachs?

Answer 43

absence of lysosome(s), specifically ONE of the hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 44

what process takes place in the mitochondria?

Answer 44

cellular respiration

Question 45

what process takes place in the chlorplasts?

Answer 45

photosynthesis

Question 46

what does the endosymbiont theory state?

Answer 46

early ancestors of all eukaryotic cells engulfed a non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, resulting in an endosymbiont relationship. Then, the new eukaryotic cell with a mitochondria engulfed a cell with a chloroplast! REPEAT

Question 47

What features among mitochondria and chloroplast are unique?

Answer 47

Double membranes, contain bacteria like ribosomes, circular DNA, grow and reproduce independtly

Question 48

What are the fold in mitochondria called?

Answer 48

cristae

Question 49

what is the pigment in chloroplasts called?

Answer 49

chlorphyll

Question 50

what is the description of the main function of chloroplasts?

Answer 50

converts light energy into chemical energy

Question 51

What are the membranes INSIDE of the chloroplast called? And their stacks?

Answer 51

Thylakoid Membrane. Granum are the stacks

Question 52

What is the inner fluid of the chloroplast called?

Answer 52

stroma

Question 53

what are the functions of peroxisomes?

Answer 53

detoxification, breakdown of fatty acids for energy

Question 54

what is the byproduct of peroxisomes?

Answer 54

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)