Chapter 6- Tour of the Cell

Question 1

light microscope

Answer 1

visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image

Question 2

what is the minimum resolution for a LM

Answer 2

200 nanometers

Question 3

can you see organelles with lms?

Answer 3

no, only nucleus , chloroplast, and central vacuole

Question 4

electron microscope

Answer 4

used to study sub cellular structures

Question 5

scanning electron microscope

Answer 5

focus a bean of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D

outside of the cell

Question 6

transmission electron microscopes

Answer 6

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

inside of the cell

Question 7

cell fractionation

Answer 7

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

Question 8

ultracentrifuges

Answer 8

fractionate cells into their component parts

Question 9

what are the 4 basic features of cells

Answer 9

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes

Question 10

define plasma membrane

Answer 10

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of the cell

Question 11

what are ribosomes

Answer 11

particles made of RNA (rRNA) and proteins

Question 12

in what locations do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

Answer 12

in cytosol or outside of ER or nuclear envelope

Question 13

what elements are apart of the endomembrane system ?? (6)

Answer 13

nuclear envelope 
ER 
golgi 
lysosomes 
ribosomes 
vesicles/ vacuole
plasma membrane

Question 14

smooth ER : ribosomes attached or no?

Answer 14

lacks ribosomes, not attached

Question 15

Rough ER: ribosomes attached or no?

Answer 15

ribosomes studding the surface, attached

Question 16

smooth ER functions (4)

Answer 16

synthesizes lipids
metabolizes carbs
stores calcium
detoxifies poisons

Question 17

rough ER functions

Answer 17

has bound ribosomes

produced proteins/ membrane which are distributed by transport vesicles

Question 18

what is the golgi

Answer 18

flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Question 19

golgis functions

Answer 19

modifies prouducts of ER
manufactures certain products
sorts / packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 20

lysosomes

Answer 20

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

Question 21

vacuoles/ vesicles

Answer 21

membrane bound sacs with varied functions

Question 22

contractile vacuoles

Answer 22

found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Question 23

central vacuole

Answer 23

found in the mature plants, holds organic compounds/ water

Question 24

tonoplast

Answer 24

membrane of a vacuole

Question 25

define lumin

Answer 25

inside of something f

Question 26

endomembrane system

Answer 26

a complex and dynamic player in the cells compartmental organization

Question 27

peroxisomes

Answer 27

oxidative organelles that destroy toxic chemicals

Question 28

an important role in peroxisomes is what ??

Answer 28

the use of catalase to break down h2o2

Question 29

chloroplasts bring to which family

Answer 29

plastids

Question 30

thylakoids

Answer 30

membranous sacs

Question 31

stroma

Answer 31

internal fluid

Question 32

peroxisomes

Answer 32

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Question 33

cytoskeleton

Answer 33

network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm

Question 34

cytoskeleton is composed of what structures

Answer 34

microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments

Question 35

what does the cytoskeleton reacts with to increase mobility

Answer 35

motor proteins

Question 36

microtubules

Answer 36

the thickest of the three components of cytoskeleton

Question 37

microfilaments

Answer 37

thinnest components

Question 38

intermediate fibers

Answer 38

fibers weigh diameters in a middle range

Question 39

microtubules function

Answer 39

shaping the cell guiding movement of organelles separating chromosomes during cell division

Question 40

where do microfilaments form

Answer 40

just inside the plasma membrane to help support cells shape

Question 41

microfilaments function

Answer 41

function in cellular mobility contain the protein myosin in addition to actin

Question 42

primary cell wall

Answer 42

relatively thing and flexible

Question 43

middle lamella

Answer 43

thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells

Question 44

function of extra cellular matrix

Answer 44

support, adhesion, movement, regulation

Question 45

intercellular junctions

Answer 45

tissues organs and other systems communicating through physical contact

Question 46

plasmodesmata

Answer 46

channels that perforate plant cell walls, water and small solutes pass through the cells

Question 47

tight junctions

Answer 47

membranes of neighbors are pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Question 48

desmosomes

Answer 48

fasten cells together into strong sheets

Question 49

gap junctions

Answer 49

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Question 50

singer and nelson

Answer 50

proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed and individually inserted

Question 51

freeze facture

Answer 51

splits the membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 52

what happens to membrane when temp falls

Answer 52

switch from fluid state to a solid state

Question 53

which is more fluid saturated or unsaturated

Answer 53

unsaturated fats

Question 54

cholesterol at warm temps

Answer 54

restrains movement of phospholipid

Question 55

cholesterol at cold temps

Answer 55

maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

Question 56

peripheral proteins

Answer 56

not embedded

Question 57

intergral proteins

Answer 57

penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane

Question 58

integral proteins

Answer 58

spam the membrane called transmembrane proteins

Question 59

how do cells recognize each other

Answer 59

carbs , binding to surface molecules

Question 60

transport proteins

Answer 60

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

Question 61

channel proteins

Answer 61

have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use

Question 62

channel proteins (aquaporins)

Answer 62

facilitate passage of water

Question 63

diffusion

Answer 63

the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

Question 64

how do substances diffuse

Answer 64

down a concentration gradient which requires no work

Question 65

passive transport

Answer 65

diffusion of a substance across a membrane bc requires no energy

Question 66

osmosis

Answer 66

diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

Question 67

the direction of osmosis is determined by what

Answer 67

difference in total solute concentration

Question 68

turgid

Answer 68

full or water; firm

Question 69

is cell is isotonic the cell is what

Answer 69

flaccid; limp

Question 70

if the cell is in a hypotonic solution and it swells the cell is what

Answer 70

turgid

Question 71

plasmolysis

Answer 71

in hypertonic environment the membrane pulls away from the cell wall

Question 72

facilitated diffusion

Answer 72

transport proteins speed movement of molecules across membrane

Question 73

active transport

Answer 73

moves substances against concentration gradient

Question 74

exocytosis

Answer 74

transport vesicles migrate to the membrane fuse with it and release their contents

Question 75

cotransport

Answer 75

occurs when active transport of one solute indirectly drives transport of another solute

Question 76

endocytosis

Answer 76

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

Question 77

three types of endocytosis

Answer 77

phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 78

phagocytosis

Answer 78

cell engulfs particle in a vacuole “cell eating”

Question 79

pinocytosis

Answer 79

cell creates vesicles around fluid “cell drinking”

Question 80

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 80

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicles formation