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PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology > Chapter 6: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation/Perception involves cells of the nervous system that are specialized to detect stimuli from the environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Sensation/Perception is the conscious experience and interpretation of information from the sense

A

Perception

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3
Q

The _________ in the eye detect visible light.

A

photoreceptors

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4
Q

For humans, visible light is a narrow band of the spectrum of ________________ ________

A

electromagnetic radiation

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5
Q

What are the three dimensions of light?

A

Hue, brightness, saturation

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6
Q

Hue depends on the _______ of light

A

wavelength

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7
Q

Brightness depends on the _______ of light

A

intensity

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8
Q

Saturation depends on the ________ _____ of light

A

relative purity

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9
Q

The longer end of the visible light spectrum is _____.

A

red

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10
Q

The shorter end of the visible light spectrum is ______.

A

purple

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11
Q

We receive information about the environment from _______ ________.

A

Sensory receptors

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12
Q

Stimuli are detected by sensory receptors in the process known as ________ __________.

A

sensory transduction

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13
Q

The image must be focused on the _____ in order for us to see.

A

retina

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14
Q

_____ regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

A

Pupils

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15
Q

The ____ is responsible for accommodation.

A

lens

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16
Q

The ______ bends the light so that it hits the retina.

A

cornea

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17
Q

The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors that detect light: _______ and ______

A

rods; cones

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18
Q

Three cellular layers of the retina (from deep to shallow):

A

Photoreceptive
Bipolar
Ganglion cell

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19
Q

True or false: There are more cones than rods in the retina

A

False, there are around 120million rods and only 6million cones

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20
Q

Rods/cones work under low intensity light

A

Rods

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21
Q

Rods/cones are responsible for acuity and color vision

A

Cones

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22
Q

The fovea contains only rods/cones

A

cones

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23
Q

The ______ ____ at the back of the eye has no receptors, causing a blind spot.

A

optic disk

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24
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which energy from the environment is converted to a change in membrane potential in a neuron.

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25
Q

The first step in visual perception is ______.

A

Transduction

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26
Q

___________ are responsible for transduction of light energy into changes in membrane potential

A

Photopigments

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27
Q

Molecules that make up a photopigment:

A

Opsin
Retinal

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28
Q

When photoreceptors experience darkness, they depolarize/hyperpolarize

A

depolarize

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29
Q

When photoreceptors experience light, they depolarize/hyperpolarize

A

hyperpolarize

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30
Q

The ON center bipolar cells are depolarized/hyperpolarized by glutamate

A

hyperpolarized

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31
Q

The OFF center bipolar cells are depolarized/hyperpolarized by glutamate

A

depolarized

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32
Q

The ON/OFF center bipolar cells synapse with the ________ and influence the rate of firing; they do not fire themselves.

A

ganglion cells

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33
Q

The place where a visual stimulus must be located to produce a response in a neuron is the _____________ ____.

A

receptive field

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34
Q

The location of a receptive field of a particular neuron depends on the location of the ___________ that provide it with visual information.

A

photoreceptors

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35
Q

At the fovea/periphery of the retina, many individual receptors converge on a single ganglion cell.

A

periphery

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36
Q

Why is our foveal vision very acutes while our peripheral vision is less precise?

A

Because the receptor-to-axon ratio is small in the fovea (1:1, e.g.) and large in the peripheral (6:1, e.g.)

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37
Q

Three types of eye movements:

A

Vergence
Saccadic
Pursuit

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38
Q

Describe vergence eye movements

A

cooperative movements that keep both eyes fixed on the same target

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39
Q

Describe saccadic eye movements

A

Shifting your gaze abruptly from one point to another

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40
Q

Describe pursuit eye movements

A

Eye moves smoothly as it focuses on a moving object

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41
Q

At the back of each eye, axons of the retinal ganglion cells bundle together to form the _______ ______.

A

optic nerve

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42
Q

The optic nerves convey information from the retina to the _________ of the thalamus.

A

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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43
Q

The optic nerves join together at the base of the brain to form the X-shaped _______ ______.

A

Optic chiasm

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44
Q

Where do the axons from ganglion cells serving the nasal sides of the retina go?

A

They cross through the optic chiasm and ascend to the LGN on the opposite side of the brain

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45
Q

Where do the axons from ganglion cells serving the temporal sides of the retina go?

A

They remain on the same side of the brain.

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46
Q

True or False: Because the axons from the nasal halves of the retinas cross to the other side of the brain, each hemisphere receives information from the contralateral half of the visual scene.

A

True – the right hemisphere receives info from the left half of the visual field and vice versa.

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47
Q

The phenomenon in which cortical regions involved in conscious perception of visual stimuli are damaged, but other visual pathways that are not involved in conscious perception are intact.

A

Blindsight

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48
Q

The journey of information from light detection in the retina to the experience of complex visual scenes occurs along the ______ _______.

A

visual pathway

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49
Q

The visual pathway:

A

Photoreceptors of retina –> bipolar and retinal ganglion cells –> optic nerves –> LGN –> Primary visual cortex (V1) –> Visual association cortex (V2) –> may continue on to V3, V4, V5

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50
Q

The neurons in the LGN send their axons through ______ _______ to the V1.

A

optic radiations

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51
Q

The primary visual cortex is also called the _____ cortex.

A

striate

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52
Q

The visual association cortex (V2) is also called the ________ cortex.

A

extrastriate

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53
Q

Blindsight occurs when the cortical regions involved in ______ _________ are damaged but other pathways remain intact.

A

conscious perception

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54
Q

The LGN contains _ layers of neurons

A

6

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55
Q

Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral/contralateral eye

A

contralateral

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56
Q

Layers 2, 3, and 5 of the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral/contralateral eye

A

ipsilateral

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57
Q

The inner two layers of the LGN (1 and 2) are called the ________ layers.

A

magnocellular

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58
Q

The outer four layers of the LGN are called the ________ layers

A

parvocellular

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59
Q

A third set of neurons in the LGN called the __________ ________ are found below each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers.

A

Koniocellular sublayers

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60
Q

Hubel and Wiesel discovered that neurons in the visual cortex did not simply respond to spots of light; they selectively respond to specific _______ of the visual world

A

features/contours

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61
Q

The ______ cortex performs additional processing of information from the LGN and transmits it to the extrastriate cortex

A

striate

62
Q

A large portion of the striate cortex is devoted to the analysis of info from the ______.

A

Fovea, the smallest part of the visual field

63
Q

The striate cortex consists of _ layers arranged in bands perpendicular/parallel to the surface.

A

6; parallel

64
Q

The _th layer of the striate cortex is divided into four sublayers.

A

4th

65
Q

In the striate cortex, info from color-sensitive ganglion cells is transmitted, through the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN, to special cells grouped together in _______ ______ _____.

A

cytochrome oxidase blobs

66
Q

CO blobs are found in layers _, _, _, and _ of the striate cortex.

A

2,3,5,6

67
Q

The distribution of CO-rich neurons in the extrastriate cortex consists of three kinds of stripes:

A

Thick, pale, thin

68
Q

Neurons in CO blobs of striate cortex project to ___ stripes

A

Thin

69
Q

Neurons outside the CO blobs in the interblob areas project to ______ stripes and _____ stripes of the extrastriate cortex

A

thick; pale

70
Q

Neurons in the thin stripes receive information concerning _____.

A

Color

71
Q

Neurons in the thick and pale stripes receive information about ________, ____ ______, ______, and ____ _____.

A

orientation, spatial frequency, movement, retinal disparity

72
Q

The striate cortex is divided into around 2,500 ______ containing about 150,000 neurons

A

modules

73
Q

True or false: Each module of the striate cortex is devoted to the analysis of various features contained in one very small portion of the visual field.

A

True

74
Q

The input from the koniocellular sublayers of the LGN is received by sublayers __ and __ in the striate cortex.

A

2,3

75
Q

Magnocellular input is received by sublayer ____ of the striate cortex.

A

4C-alpha

76
Q

Parvocellular input is received by sublayer ____ of the striate cortex

A

4C-beta

77
Q

The modules of the striate cortex contain _ segments, each surrounding a ___ _____.

A

2; CO blob

78
Q

Neurons located within the CO blobs of the striate cortex are sensitive to _____ and their receptive fields are _________.

A

color; monocular

79
Q

In the interblob regions of the striate cortex, neurons show sensitivity to ________, _______, and _______ _______, not color (usually).

A

orientation, movement, binocular disparity

80
Q

True or false: The striate cortex is necessary for visual perception, including the perception of objects and of entire visual scenes

A

FALSE, loser. Each of the 1000s of modules of the striate cortex only see a tiny part of the visual field. It’s the extrastriate cortex’s job to combine this information into entire visual scenes. Let’s go.

81
Q

The primate extrastriate cortex consists of _ additional regions labeled -, each of which contain neurons that respond to particular features.

A

4; V2-V5

82
Q

True or false: the extrastriate cortex receives information from “lower” regions and then passes this info to “higher” regions for further analysis

A

True; all hail the hierarchy

83
Q

Visual processing in the extrastriate cortex divides into two pathways:

A

Dorsal Stream
Ventral Stream

84
Q

The ventral stream of the extrastriate cortex begins with neurons in the _____ and ____ stripes of area V2, continues forward to area ___, and then projects to a variety of subareas of the _______ _______ ______.

A

pale; thin; V4; inferior temporal cortex

85
Q

The dorsal stream of the extrastriate cortex begins with the neurons in the____ stripes of area V2 and ascends into regions of the ________ ________ ______.

A

Thick; posterior parietal cortex

86
Q

The dorsal stream of the extrastriate cortex processes where object is _____ and the ____ and _____ of movement

A

Located; speed; direction

87
Q

The ventral stream of the extrastriate cortex processes _________ and its _____

A

what an object is and its colors

88
Q

The _____________ region is specifically activated by photographs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies or body parts.

A

Extrastriate body area

89
Q

Research by Melvyn Goodale and colleagues indicates that the primary function of the dorsal stream of the visual cortex is to

A

provide feedback to guide actions

90
Q

When light strikes a molecule of photopigment, the membrane potential undergoes a depolarization/hyperpolarization, which in turn ________.

A

hyperpolarization; reduces release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto the bipolar cell

91
Q

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the ______________ stream respond to large, extended visual surfaces.

A

Dorsal

92
Q

ON cells are excited/inhibited by light falling in the central field (center) and excited/inhibited by light falling in the surrounding field (surround)

A

excited;inhibited

93
Q

OFF cells are excited by light falling in the center/surround and inhibited by light falling in the center/surround

A

surround; center

94
Q

ON/OFF ganglion cells are briefly excited when light is turned ______

A

On or off.

95
Q

Rod bipolar cells are all of the __ ganglion cell type.

A

ON

96
Q

In trichromatic coding, the eye detects different colors because _______.

A

it contains three types of receptors, each sensitive to a single hue (red, green, blue).

97
Q

Genetic defects in color vision result from anomalies in 1+ of the three types of _____.

A

cones

98
Q

People with protanopia often confuse the colors red and green because ___________.

A

their red cones are filled with green cone opsin.

99
Q

People with deuteranopia confuse the colors red and green because _____.

A

their green cones are filled with red cone opsin.

100
Q

Those with ________ and ________ confuse red and green.

A

protanopia; deuteranopia

101
Q

Those with tritanopia see the world in _____ and ______ because _____.

A

reds and greens; their retina lacks a blue cone

102
Q

Those with monochromatic vision lack ______ altogether.

A

cones

103
Q

The retina contains two kinds of color-sensitive ganglion cells: ____-_______ and _____-____.

A

red-green; yellow-blue

104
Q

The other ganglion cells in the retina are ______ detectors. They encode relative brightness in the center and surround, not color.

A

black-and-white

105
Q

Red light excites red cones, which causes the excitation/inhibition of red-green cells.

A

excitation

106
Q

Green light excites green cones, which causes the excitation/inhibition of red-green cells

A

inhibition

107
Q

Yellow light excites red and green cones equally, which causes the excitation/inhibition of yellow-blue cells.

A

excitation

108
Q

Blue light excites/inhibits the activity of yellow-blue cells.

A

inhibits

109
Q

Why can’t we perceive a reddish green or a bluish yellow?!

A

An axon that signals red, green, yellow, or blue, can either increase or decrease its rate of firing; it cannot do both at the same time. In order to perceive a reddish green, the red-green ganglion cell would have to fire slowly and rapidly at the same time.

110
Q

Complementary colors are those that make ____ when added together.

A

White

111
Q

What causes negative afterimages?

A

When a ganglion cells is excited or inhibited for a prolonged period of time, they later show a rebound effect, firing faster or slower than normal.

112
Q

In the striate cortex, the parvocellular system receives information only from what color cones?

A

Red and green

113
Q

In the striate cortex, the koniocellular system receives information from what color cones?

A

Blue

114
Q

Cells in the ______ system show high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution, providing information about fine details.

A

Parvocellular

115
Q

True or false: The koniocellular system provides information about fine details.

A

False, it does not.

116
Q

True or false: The neurons in the magnocellular system are color-blind.

A

True, just like that Counting Crows song. : )

117
Q

The dorsal/ventral stream receives input mostly from the magnocellular system.

A

dorsal

118
Q

The dorsal/ventral stream receives approximately equal input from the magnocellular and the parvocellular/koniocellular systems.

A

Ventral

119
Q

Our visual system will compensate for the source of the light by simultaneously comparing the color composition of each point in the visual field with the average color of the entire scene.

A

Color constancy

120
Q

Lesions of a restricted region of the human extrastriate cortex can cause loss of color vision without the disruption of visual acuity, called _______ ________.

A

Cerebral achromatopsia

121
Q

Sharp edges contain high/low spatial frequencies.

A

high

122
Q

Large areas of light and dark are represented by high/low spatial frequencies

A

low

123
Q

The recognition of visual patterns and identification of particular objects takes place in the ______ ______ cortex.

A

inferior temporal

124
Q

The inferior temporal cortex consists of two major regions:

A

TEO (posterior)
TE (anterior)

125
Q

Visual agnosia is caused by damage to parts of the _________ ______ that contribute to the ______ _____.

A

extrastriate cortex; ventral stream

126
Q

The size of the ________ ____ also grows as the V1-V5 hierarchy is ascended.

A

receptive fields

127
Q

The inferior temporal cortex is located at the end of the _____ stream.

A

ventral

128
Q

The receptive fields of neurons in area TE are the smallest/largest of them all.

A

largest

129
Q

What is the function of the inferior temporal cortex?

A

Form, color, 3-D perception

130
Q

Those with visual agnosia are usually unable to _____________, although _______.

A

identify common items by sight, although visual acuity remains

131
Q

The _____ _____ _____ is a relatively large region of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex that responds to a wide variety of objects and shapes.

A

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

132
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize particular faces

133
Q

The fusiform face area is devoted to ____ recognition and is located on the base of the _____ lobe.

A

facial; temporal

134
Q

The _________ ___ ____, located in the limbic cortex, is activated by the sights of scenes and backgrounds.

A

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

135
Q

True or false: Because of the extensive experience we have of seeing people’s faces, we can become expert at recognizing them.

A

True

136
Q

Binocular vision provides a vivid perception of depth through the process of stereoscopic vision, or _______.

A

stereopsis

137
Q

Most neurons in the striate cortex are monocular/binocular and respond to _____ ______.

A

binocular; retinal disparity

138
Q

Disparity-sensitive neurons are found in the ventral/dorsal stream

A

dorsal

139
Q

Retinal disparity

A

a stimulus that produces images on slightly different parts of the retina of each eye.

140
Q

The disparity-sensitive neurons found in the dorsal stream (which is involved in spatial perception) respond to _____, _____ visual surfaces.

A

large, extended

141
Q

The _______ lobe is involved in spatial and somatosensory perception, and it receives visual, auditory, somatosensory, and vestibular information to perform these tasks.

A

parietal

142
Q

The dorsal stream of the extrastriate cortex terminates in the _____ ______ cortex.

A

Posterior parietal

143
Q

5 regions within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS):

A

AIP
LIP
VIP
CIP
MIP

144
Q

Parts of the IPS involved in visual attention and control of saccadic eye movements

A

LIP
VIP

145
Q

Parts of the IPS involved in visual control of reaching and pointing

A

VIP
MIP

146
Q

Parts of the IPS involved in visual control of grasping and manipulating hand movements

A

AIP

147
Q

Parts of the IPS involved in perception of depth from stereopsis

A

CIP

148
Q

True or false: Most neurons in the striate cortex are sensitive to orientation.

A

True

149
Q

True or false: In the striate cortex, if a line or edge is positioned in the cell’s receptive field and rotated around its center, the cell will respond only when the line is in a particular orientation.

A

True

150
Q

Area __ of the extrastriate cortex (area MT, for medial
temporal) contains neurons that respond to movement

A

V5

151
Q

Area ___ receives information about movement from V5, which helps to analyze optic flow.

A

MST (medial superior temporal)

152
Q

Bilateral damage to area V5 produces an inability to perceive movement

A

akinetopsia

PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology (14 decks)

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