Chapter 7

Question 1

is considered an organ system because of the multiple organs, the skin, and the accessory organs

Answer 1

integument

Question 2

function is to protect and insulate

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

the ____ ____ plays an important role in temperature regulation by regulating heat loss from the body surface

Answer 3

capillary network

Question 4

skin can also act as an ___ ____

Answer 4

excretory system

Question 5

region of skin composed of epithelium; top

Answer 5

epidermis

Question 6

region of skin with the an underlying connective tissue; middle layer

Answer 6

dermis

Question 7

not considered part of the skin, deep to the dermis, primarily adipose tissue

Answer 7

hypodermis

Question 8

the epidermis is ____

Answer 8

avascular

Question 9

the avascular epidermis is a ___ ___ ____ ___

Answer 9

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

the most abundant epidermal cell, main function is to produce keratin fibrils

Answer 10

keratinocytes

Question 11

is a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities

Answer 11

keratin

Question 12

spidery black cells that produce the brown-to-black pigment called melanin

Answer 12

melanocytes

Question 13

brown-to-black pigment

Answer 13

melanin

Question 14

cells arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis; key role in immune response

Answer 14

dendritic cells

Question 15

occasional spiky hemispheres that form sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction

Answer 15

tactile epithelial cells

Question 16

there are __ layers of epidermis

Answer 16

four

Question 17

outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes; constantly being exfoliated and replaced by the division of deeper cells

Answer 17

stratum coreneum

Question 18

stratum coreneum is also called the

Answer 18

horny layer

Question 19

present only in thick skin, a very transparent band of flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries

Answer 19

stratum lucidum

Question 20

stratum lucidum is also called the

Answer 20

clear layer

Question 21

thin layer with abundant granules

Answer 21

stratum granulosum

Question 22

stratum granulosum is also called the

Answer 22

granular layer

Question 23

type of granule that contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space

Answer 23

lamellar granules

Question 24

type of granule that helps form keratin in the more superficial layers

Answer 24

keratohyaline granules

Question 25

several layers of cells that contain thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin protein

Answer 25

stratum spinosum

Question 26

the stratum spinosum is also called the

Answer 26

spiny layer

Question 27

a single row of cells immediately abode the dermis; these cells are constantly undergoing mitosis

Answer 27

stratum basale

Question 28

the stratum basale layer is also called the

Answer 28

basal layer

Question 29

in order from deep to superficial the layers of the epidermis are the

Answer 29

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Question 30

the dermis is made from

Answer 30

connective tissue proper

Question 31

the dermis consists of ___ principle regions

Answer 31

two

Question 32

the more superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue with dermal papillae, capillary networks, pain receptors, and touch receptors

Answer 32

papillary dermis

Question 33

fingerlike projections that lie on top of larger dermal ridges; produce fingerprints

Answer 33

dermal papillae

Question 34

deepest skin layer that is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors

Answer 34

reticular dermis

Question 35

the dermis layer plays a role in regulation of __ _____

Answer 35

body temperature

Question 36

the dermis is full of ___ ____ and ___ fibers

Answer 36

lymphatic vessels; nerve

Question 37

is a result of the relative amount of melanin in the skin, the relative amount of carotene in the skin, and the degree of oxygenation in the blood

Answer 37

skin color

Question 38

a yellow-orange pigment

Answer 38

carotene

Question 39

a blueish cast due to inadequately oxygenated blood

Answer 39

cyanosis

Question 40

the tissues become yellowed

Answer 40

jaundice

Question 41

bronzing of skin usually hints at

Answer 41

addison's disease

Question 42

accessory organs of the skin include

Answer 42

cutaneous glands, hair, and nails

Question 43

hornlike derivatives of the epidermis

Answer 43

nails

Question 44

part of the nail that is the visible attached portion

Answer 44

nail plate

Question 45

the portion of the nail that grows out away from the body

Answer 45

free edge

Question 46

the region beneath the free edge of the nail

Answer 46

hyponychium

Question 47

the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed

Answer 47

nail root

Question 48

skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

Answer 48

nail folds

Question 49

projection of the thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle

Answer 49

eponychium

Question 50

extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail

Answer 50

nail bed

Question 51

the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

Answer 51

nail matrix

Question 52

the proximal region of the thickened nail matrix which appears as a white crescent moon

Answer 52

lunule

Question 53

structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells

Answer 53

hair follicle

Question 54

is enclosed by a thickened basement membrane and a peripheral connective tissue sheath

Answer 54

epithelial root sheath

Question 55

essentially dermal tissue

Answer 55

peripheral connective tissue sheath

Question 56

small nipple of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral connective tissue sheath and provide nutrition to the growing hair

Answer 56

hair papilla

Question 57

a layer of actively dividing epithelial cells located on top of the hair papilla

Answer 57

hair matrix

Question 58

small bands of smooth muscle cells connect to each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

Answer 58

arrector pili muscle

Question 59

cause hair to stand upright when cold or frightened

Answer 59

arrector pili muscle

Question 60

found nearly all over the skin, their ducts empty into a hair follicle or on the skins surface

Answer 60

sebaceous (oil) glands

Question 61

is the product of sebaceous glands; mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that act as a lubricant

Answer 61

sebum

Question 62

the sebaceous glands become more oily during

Answer 62

puberty

Question 63

are accumulations of dried sebum, bacteria, and melanin from epithelial cells in the oil duct

Answer 63

blackheads

Question 64

is an active infection of the sebaceous glands

Answer 64

acne

Question 65

are exocrine glands that have pores

Answer 65

sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Question 66

have two categories the sebaceous gland and the sweat glands

Answer 66

cutaneous glands

Question 67

glands distributed all over the body that produce clear secretion consisting of water, salts, and urea

Answer 67

eccrine sweat glands

Question 68

found predominately in the axillary and genital areas; secrete the basic components of eccrine sweat plus proteins and fat rich substances; odorless until bacteria break down its components

Answer 68

apocrine sweat glands