chapter 7 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Describe what is meant by balanced diet
Diet consisting light amount of all types of nutrients to provide energy and maintain healthy body.
State the types of nutrients that all animals need in their diet
carbohydrates
lipids / fats & oils
protein
vitamins
minerals
water
fibre
Describe the functions and sources of carbohydrates
- source of energy
- bread, cereal, pasta, potato
Describe the functions and sources of protein
- for growth and repair
- component of cell membrane
- make enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin
- milk, fish, eggs, nuts
Describe the functions and sources of lipids
- source of energy
- keep warm as insulation
- protect internal organs
- component of cell membrane
- make steroid hormone and cholesterol
- butter, milk, cheese
Describe the functions and sources of fibre
- provides bulk /roughage for intestine to push food through it
- vege, whole grains
Describe the functions and sources of minerals and vitamins
vitamins
- needed in small quantities to maintain health
- fruits and vegetables
minerals
-needed in small quantities to maintain health
- fruits , vege, meats, dairy products
Describe the functions and sources of water
water
- needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells
- water , juice, fruits, vege
Describe the different types of vitamins , its sources and the diseases as a result of deficiency ?
Vitamin A : to maintain good vision
: deficiency causes BLINDNESS
: Carrots, spinach mangoes , mackerel , oily fish
Vitamin C : maintain healthy teeth , skin , for wound healing
: forms important part of collagen protein for skin, hair, bones
: deficiency causes SCURVY , poor healing of wounds
: citrus fruits , leafy vege
VItamin D : Help in absorption of calcium
: maintain healthy teeth and bones
: deficiency causes RICKET in children , OSTEOPOROSIS in adults
: made when skin is exposed to sunlight
: Milk, butter, cheese, egg, oily fish
Describe he different types of minerals ( 2 types ) our body needs. Sources, deficiency causes and functions
Calcium: formation of strong teeth and bones
: normal blood clotting
: deficiency causes ricket and oestroposis
: slow blood clotting
: milk and cheese
Iron: formation of haemoglobin in RBC
: deficiency causes anemia, lack of RBC/ O2 + energy as blood does not transport enough oxygen
: red meat, liver, spinach, beans and nuts
Causes , symptoms and solutions to Scurvy
- severe Vitamin C deficiency
Its symptoms include:
Anemia
Exhaustion
Spontaneous bleeding
Pain in the limbs
Swelling
Gum ulcerations
Tooth loss
Scurvy can be treated with oral or intravenous vitamin C supplements
Causes , symptoms and solutions to Rickets
Lack of Vitamin D
Symptoms include:
Bonepain
Lack of bone growth
Soft, weak bones (sometimes causing deformities)
The treatment for rickets is to increase consumption of foods containing calcium and
vitamin D, or prescription of Vitamin D supplements
State the main organs of digestive system and the accessory parts
Mouth
oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine ( duodenum, ileum )
Large intestine / colon
Rectum
Anus
Accessory parts:
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
pancreas
State the different stages of food breakdown
Ingestion ( taking of substances )
Digestion ( chemical , mechanical , breakdown of food )
Absorption ( movement of nutrients from intestines into blood )
Assimilation ( uptake and use of nutrients by cells )
Egestion ( the removal of undigested food from body as faeces )
Describe functions of organs of digestive system in relation to stages of food breakdown
MOUTH
- mechanical digestion ( chewing using teeth )
- chemical digestion ( salivary amylase )
OESOPHAGUS
- connect mouth to stomach
- peristalsis
STOMACH
- Mechanical digestion by gastric juices
secretes Hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria in food and provide optimum pH for enzyme
- protease enzyme / pepsin to digest proteins to amino acids
- chemical digestion ( churning action )
SMALL INTESTINE- DUODENUM ( digestion by enzyme amylase, trypsin lipase ) slightly alkaline 8–9- ILEUM ( Absorption )
: lined with villi for maximum absorption
LARGE INTESTINE
- absorbs remaining water
PANCREAS
- produces 3 types of enzymes - amylase, protease, lipase
- secrete in alkaline fluid into duodenum
- produces insulin and glucagon
LIVER
- produce bile to emulsify fats ( mechanical digestion )
- amino acids not used to make proteins are broken down and urea is produced ( deamination )
- excess glucose is stored as glycogen
GALL BLADDER
- stores bile
Describe physical digestion
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.
physical digestion increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion
carried out by : chewing of teeth
: churning of stomach
: emulsification of fats by bile
Structure of teeth
CROWN:
Enamel
Dentine
ROOT:
Gum
Nerves
pulp calvity
cement
jawbone
blood capillaries
Types of human teeth and their function
Incisors - cutting, bitting
Canine - cutting , bitting
Premolar - grinding , chewing
Molars - grinding , chewing
where is the teeth embedded in ?
In bone and gums
Function of stomach in physical digestion
Smooth muscles ( middle tissue ) - which contract to physically squeeze and mix the
food with the strong digestive juices that are present
Glandular tissue ( innermost tissue ) - made from cell that secrete enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue ( outmost tissue ) - tissue that covers inside and outside parts of body
Role of bile in emulsifying fats and oils
- Alkaline to neutralise HCl that comes from stomach
- Breaks down large drops of fats into smaller ones ( emulsification )
- this is physical / mechanical digestion
Describe chemical digestion
the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules, so that it can be absorbed in the blood
What does amylase, maltase , proteases and lipase break down?
Amylase ( starch to maltose )
Maltase ( maltose to glucose )
Pepsin ( protein to peptide/ amino acids )
Trypsin ( protein to amino acids )
Lipase ( lipids to fatty acids and glycerol )
Where in the digestive system are the enzymes secreted
Amylase - salivary glands , pancreas
Maltase - lining of small intestine
Pepsin - stomach
Trypsin - pancreas
Lipase - pancreas
