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Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

vascular system is composed of..

A
  • blood vascular system
  • pulmonary artery caries deoxygenated blood
  • arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry blood to the heart
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2
Q

tunica intima

A
  • innermost layer
  • made up of endothelial cells
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3
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle
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4
Q

tunica adventita

A
  • outer layer
  • connective tissue
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5
Q

capillaries only contain which layer?

A

tunica intima because they’re site of exchange and need thin walls

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6
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure exerted on vessel walls

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7
Q

blood pressure is determined by ..

A
  • amount of blood flowing through vessels
  • resistance of vessels to blood flow
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8
Q

normal blood pressure

A
  • maximum systolic pressure = 120 (heart contracting, # on top)
  • lowest diastolic pressure = 80 (heart relaxed, # on bottom)
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9
Q

capillaries

A

vessels lying between arteries and veins

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10
Q

what are capillaries function?

A
  • regulate fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient exchange between blood and extracellular space
  • can proliferate to help repair injured areas
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11
Q

what are factors mediating exchange of nutrients across capillaries?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure (due to fluid)
  • osmotic pressure (determined by amount of protein in fluid)
  • integrity of endothelial cells
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12
Q

what is the fluid that leaks out of vessels into the interstitial space?

A

lymph: composed primarily of water, proteins and WBC (excess picked up by lymphatic vessels)

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13
Q

edema

A

fluid in interstitial space, accumulation of fluid in tissues

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14
Q

what can lead to edema/effusion?

A

alterations in pressures and or vessels

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15
Q

effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in body cavities

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16
Q

what are the most common causes of edema?

A
  • increase in hydrostatic pressure (more blood leaks out)
  • decrease in osmotic pressure (less albumin decreases fluid inside)
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17
Q

pathogenesis of edema

A
  • increased capillary permeability (causes swelling of tissues with acute inflammation)
  • low plasma proteins (excess protein loss/kidney disease, inadequate synthesis/malnutrition)
  • increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure, localized venous obstruction)
  • lymphatic obstruction (cancer)
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18
Q

clinical aspects of edema (always pathological)

A
  • edema is result of underlying disease
  • range from mild to severe
  • can be fatal (cerebral or pulmonary edema)
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19
Q

ascities

A

swelling in the abdomen

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20
Q

anasarca

A

whole body, severe generalized edema

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21
Q

most frequent serious problems

A
  • edema
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • thrombus
  • varicose veins
  • shock
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22
Q

signs/symptoms of serious problems

A
  • visual local swelling or puffiness
  • dizziness (low BP)
  • headaches (high BP)
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23
Q

tests of serious problems

A
  • percussion to detect fluid in pleural cavity
  • sphygmomanometer for blood pressure
  • angiography evaluates arterial integrity
  • x ray (looks for effusion)
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24
Q

angiography

A

inject dye and x ray to look at arteries

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25
specific diseases
- genetiic/developmental disease - atherosclerosis - hypertension - thrombus or thrombophlebitis - varicose veins - neoplasm - organ failure
26
congenital diseases are..
hormonal
27
hemangioma (not cancerous)
local proliferations of capillaries, common in skin
28
lymphangioma
dilated masses of lymphatics
29
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
30
atherosclerosis
plaque in heart arteries, inflammatory/degenerative disease, accumulation of fatty deposits and scar tissue in intima
31
what does atherosclerosis lead to?
obstruction of lumen and weakening of wall of vessel
32
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
- endothelial injury (increased permeability, macrophage migration, induction of smooth muscle cell proliferation) - leads to lipid accumulation
33
causes of fatty streaks
- high BP - increase blood glucose - increased lipids - smoking
33
fibrous cap
atheroma
34
plaques can cause harm by..
- narrowing lumen causing ischemia in tissue - weaken a vessel wall, forming an aneurysm - rupture and expose collagen that forms a thrombus
35
rupturing of a plaque can..
- occlude the artery and cause tissue infarction - tissue die because of rupture - heart attacks happen quickly because of thrombus
36
development of atherosclerosis
- begins in childhood - asymptomatic for many years - clinical appearance in 6th decade (doesn't manifest until then)
37
complications of atherosclerosis
- coronary arteries: narrowing of lumen and heart attacks - abdominal aorta: asymptomatic, aneurysm - arteries of lower limbs: intermittent claudication and ulcers
38
major risk factors of atherosclerosis
- elevated blood lipids (too much cholesterol or LDL) - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diabetes - obesity
39
minor risk factors of atherosclerosis
- age - gender - stress - family history
40
what can detect atherosclerosis?
angiogram
41
atherosclerosis treatment
- preventing further lesions and preventing growth of existing lesions - taking care of complications as they arise - plaques get bigger - exercise
42
organs effected by hypertension
- kidneys (failure) - heart (has to work harder) - blood vessels - brain (stroke)
43
aortic dissection
- hypertension complication - rapidly fatal, decreases blood flow to aorta
44
aortic dissection symptoms
- ripping sensation in chest - dizziness
45
etiology of aortic dissection
- primary = idiopathic or essential - secondary = secondary to something else
46
hypertension treatment
- increase PA - diet (reduce salt, increase fruits and veggies) - medications
47
diuretics
reduces blood volume
48
angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors
49
thrombus
abnormal intravascular clot, can occur in any vessel or within the heart
50
embolus
detached clot carried into pulmonary or systemic circulation (travels) - plugs vessel of smaller diameter, blocking blood flow and causing necrosis
51
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein due to thrombus, clot formation in deep leg veins can cause pulmonary embolism
52
causes of venous thrombus
- prolonged bed rest - cramped position for an extended period - genetic factors
53
varicose veins
dilated, tortuous veins
54
sites of varicose veins
- anus: hemorrhoids - legs due to prolonged standing
55
etiology oof varicose veins
incompetent valves
56
are varicose veins common?
yes, tend to run in families, people on feet a lot (gravity pulls blood down)
57
complications of varicose veins
- pain - visibility of vein
58
treatment of varicose veins
make a snip in skin and pull vein out
59
shock
failure too maintain adequate blood pressure by the heart (drives blood flow)
60
shock manifestations
- decreased blood pressure - increased heart rate - decreased urine output - altered states of consciousness (dizzy/light headed)
61
cardiogenic shock
- pump failure - LV not pumping blood to other organs - heart attacks can cause this - cannot maintain perfusion pressure
62
hemorrhagic shock
decreased blood volume
63
anaphylactic shock
- reaction to something - immune system overdrive - vasodilation increases
64
septic shock
- systemic bacterial infection - leads to massive vasodilation (decreased BP) - multi-organ failure
65
shock treatment
- removed causing agent - fluids - vasoconstricting agents - antibiotics - surgically repair bleeding arteries
66
neoplastic disease
rare, blood vessel cancers

Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 (5 decks)

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