Chapter 7

Question 1

Primary group

Answer 1

People who know each other personally and regularly interact.

Question 2

Secondary group

Answer 2

People who are connected based on common ground but may not directly interact.

Question 3

What are characteristics of a primary social group?

Answer 3

Informal, voluntary, face to face interaction.

Question 4

What are some characteristics of typical friendships?

Answer 4

May contribute to socioeconomic security, maintained through balanced exchange, related to micr-cultural factors (similar age, race etc..), usually between social equals.

Question 5

What did Peggy Sandy research in 1990?

Answer 5

Gynophobic fraternities and gang rape.

Question 6

What is an example of a countercultural group discussed in class?

Answer 6

Masta Liu on Solomon islands

Question 7

Why do young people join gangs?

Answer 7

Defiant individualist personality and structural inequality.

Question 8

What defines a defiant individualist personality?

Answer 8

Intense competitiveness, mistrust, self-reliance, social isolation, strong survival instinct.

Question 9

How does social capital help poor people?

Answer 9

Norms of trust and reciprocal exchange, culture and social solidarity (network) help poor people to survive and overcome.

Question 10

What is bonding capital?

Answer 10

Network among same social groups

Question 11

What is bridging capital?

Answer 11

Network within a locality.

Question 12

What is linking capital?

Answer 12

Connections to people or institutions which carry power.

Question 13

What is the Grameen Bank?

Answer 13

Microloan institution in Bangladesh started by Muhammad Yunis, help poor people start business with small loans that have no collateral. Also provides opportunities for women to meet people outside of their families (building social capital!).

Question 14

What is social stratification?

Answer 14

Hierarchical relationships between different groups based on access to resources, power, entitlement, and roles.

Question 15

What is role?

Answer 15

Expected behaviour for someone of a particular status including how to look, act, talk, etc…

Question 16

What is achieved status vs ascribed status?

Answer 16

Achieved status is earned, given, not inherent etc.. Ascribed status is from birth.

Question 17

What is the functionalist view of social stratification?

Answer 17

Social strat. is essential in order to maintain social order and structure of society.

Question 18

How did Emile Durkheim view social strat?

Answer 18

As the basis for social solidarity (mechanical and organic)

Question 19

What is meritocratic individualism?

Answer 19

Idea that rewards go to those that deserve them.

Question 20

How did critical theorists think of social strat? (Karl Marx)

Answer 20

Functial for powerful people in the society, creates inequality and oppression.

Question 21

What is race?

Answer 21

Ideology that claims differences among people and their behaviour are “natural” or biologically caused.

Question 22

What does Boas say about race and culture?

Answer 22

Culture, not biological differences is what shapes human behaviours.

Question 23

What is ethnicity?

Answer 23

Shared sense of historical group identity in some grounds (history, territory, language, religion)

Question 24

What is an example of ethnocide?

Answer 24

Tibetan in China

Question 25

What is an example of diaspora population (no real homeland).

Answer 25

Roma in Europe

Question 26

What is objectification?

Answer 26

Construction of a collective public identity.

Question 27

Reification

Answer 27

Form of negative racial or ethnic absolutism that encourages the violent elimination of certain groups.

Question 28

What is caste?

Answer 28

A ranked group that you are born into. Popular in South Asian countries.

Question 29

What is the extent of caste in India?

Answer 29

Social institution, guided by Hindu teachings.

Question 30

What are the two concepts in Indian caste?

Answer 30

Jati (birth groups) and Varnas (social categories from hindu scripture).

Question 31

What are the four major varnas?

Answer 31

Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaisyas (skilled merchants/traders), Sudras (unskilled workers) , (also untouchables).

Question 32

What is Jaimani service?

Answer 32

Patron-client relationship among different castes.

Question 33

What is a civil society? What is an example?

Answer 33

Organized force by members of society that work in between the state and family in order to advance common interest, values or identities. NGOs, CO-MADRES in El Salvador

Question 34

What does Antonio Gramsci say about civil society?

Answer 34

Civil society is counter hegemonic and resists state and class power.

Question 35

What did James Myers research?

Answer 35

Californians who were into body modification.

Question 35

Wow do gender roles affect labour division in Andalucia, Spain?

Answer 35

Men work outside the home, women do domestic work.

Question 36

What are cooperatives?

Answer 36

A social group based on economic benefits. Members share surpluses and help each other.

Question 37

What is an example of a cooperative?

Answer 37

Guna women in Panama have coops to help sell their mula fabric.

Question 38

What is mextizaje?

Answer 38

Label in central and south america that refers to people who are cut off from their indigenous roots, or successful people who retain some indigenous cultural practices.