Chapter 7 Flashcards
(23 cards)
A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. Most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.
Aerobic Respiration
The oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation using alternate electron acceptors other than oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
Redox Reactions
The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
ATP
The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept electrons.
NAD+
The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. An electron donor to the electron transport chain.
NADH
The oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that accepts high energy electrons and carries them to the electron transport chain where they’re used to synthesize ATP.
FAD+
The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that’s created during the Kreb’s cycle and utilized during the electron transport chain.
FADH2
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, releasing one CO2 in the process.
Pyruvate Oxidation
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2. Second major step in cellular respiration.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis
A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells.
ATP Synthase
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.
Proton Motive Force
Separates the inter membrane space from the cytosol.
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
Active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production.
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Small lumen between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
Intermembrane Space
Site of oxidative phosphorylation where ATP is produced by ATP synthase in a mechanism involving the respiratory chain complexes and the proton motive force.
Mitochondrial Matrix
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Fermentation
