Chapter 7

Question 1

the form for what you
know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so
on, in the outside world

Answer 1

knowledge representation

Question 2

two kinds of knowledge structures

Answer 2

Declarative knowledge
Procedural knowledge

Question 3

observation
of one’s mental and emotional
processes.

Answer 3

Introspectionist Approach-

Question 4

• deduce logically
  how people represent knowledge

Answer 4

Rationalist Approach

Question 5

Ways to observe how we represent
Knowledge in our
minds

Answer 5

Introspective approach
Rationalist Approach

Question 6

refers to facts
that can be stated, such as the date of
your birth, the name of your best friend,
or the way a rabbit looks.

Answer 6

Declarative knowledge

Question 7

refers to
knowledge of procedures that can be
implemented

Answer 7

Procedural knowledge

Question 8

There are two main sources of
empirical data on knowledge
representation:

Answer 8

-Standard laboratory experiments
-neuropsychological studies

Question 9

experimental work, researchers
indirectly study knowledge
representation because they
cannot look into people’s minds
directly

Answer 9

Standard Laboratory Experiments

Question 10

(1) they observe how the normal brain responds to
various cognitive tasks involving knowledge
representation.
(2) they observe the links between various deficits in
knowledge representation and associated pathologies
in the brain.

Answer 10

Neuropsychological studies

Question 11

Pictures in
Your Mind

Answer 11

Mental
Imagery

Question 12

The mental representation of things that are not
currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

Answer 12

IMAGERY

Question 13

Use both pictorial and verbal codes
for representing information in our
minds

Answer 13

DUAL-CODE THEORY

Question 14

TWO CODES ORGANIZE INFORMATION INTO
KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN BE ACTED ON, STORED SOMEHOW, AND LATER
RETRIEVED FOR SUBSEQUENT USE.

Answer 14

1. Analog codes
   2.Symbolic code

Question 15

resemble the objects they
are representing.

Answer 15

Analog codes

Question 16

it’s a form of knowledge
representation that has been chosen
arbitrarily to stand for something that
does not perceptually resemble what is
being represented.

Answer 16

Symbolic code

Question 17

Its storing Knowledge
as Abstract
Concepts:

Answer 17

Propositional
Theory

Question 18

suggests that we do not store mental
representations in the form of images
or mere words.

Answer 18

PROPOSITIONAL THEORY

Question 19

—secondary and derivative
phenomena that occur as a result of other
more basic cognitive processes.

Answer 19

Epiphenomena

Question 20

to express the
underlying meaning of a relationship.

Answer 20

predicate calculus

Question 21

Type of relationship

Answer 21

Actions
Attributes
Spatial Position
Class or category membership

Question 22

IT CAN BE INTERPRETED IN
MORE THAN ONE WAY. OFTEN USED IN STUDIES OF PERCEPTION.

Answer 22

AMBIGUOUS
FIGURE

Question 23

involve a shift in the positional orientations of the
figures on the mental “page” or “screen” on which
the image is he shift would be of the duck’s back
to the rabbit’s front, and the duck’s front to the
rabbit’s back.

Answer 23

mental realignment

Question 24

(reinterpretation) of parts of
the figure. This reconstrual would be of the duck’s
bill as the rabbit’s ears.

Answer 24

mental
reconstrual

Question 25

Participants first were shown another ambiguous figure involving realignment of the reference frame a hawk’s head/a goose’s tail, and a hawk’s tail/a goose’s head).

Answer 25

Implicit reference frame hint

Question 26

Participants were asked to modify the reference frame by considering either “the back of the head of the animal they had already seen as the front of the head of some other animal” considered a conceptual hint) or “the front of the thing you were seeing as the back of something else”.

Answer 26

Explicit reference frame hint

Question 27

Participants were directed to attend to regions of the figure where realignments or reconstruals were to occur.

Answer 27

Attentional hint

Question 28

Participants were asked to construe an image from parts determined to be “good” (according to both objective [geometrical] and empirical [interrater agreement] criteria), rather than from parts determined to be “bad” (according to similar criteria).

Answer 28

Construals from “good” parts

Question 29

It says, although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it.

Answer 29

functional equivalence hypothesis

Question 30

IT PROVIDES AN INTERESTING EXAMPLE OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND IMAGERY

Answer 30

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Question 31

THESE ARE EXPERIENCES OF “HEARING” THAT OCCUR IN THE ABSENCE OF ACTUAL AUDITORY STIMULI.

Answer 31

AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS

Question 32

It involves rotationally transforming an object’s visual mental image (Takano & Okubo, 2003; Zacks, 2008).

Answer 32

Mental rotation

Question 33

Zooming in on Mental Images:

Answer 33

Image Scaling

Question 34

Examining Objects:

Answer 34

Image Scanning

Question 35

Examining Objects:

Answer 35

Image Scanning

Question 36

a person ignores half of his or her visual field.

Answer 36

spatial neglect

Question 37

a person asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined scene.

Answer 37

representational neglect

Question 38

She manipulated experimenter expectancies by suggesting to one group of experimenters that task performance would be expected to be better for perceptual tasks than for imaginal ones. She suggested the opposite outcome to a second group of experimenters

Answer 38

Intons-Peterson (1983)

Question 39

These are knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences.

Answer 39

Mental models

Question 40

An alternative synthesis of the literature suggests that mental representations may take any of three forms: propositions, images, or mental models.

Answer 40

JOHNSON-LAIRD’S MENTAL MODELS

Question 41

TWO KINDS OF IMAGES:

Answer 41

VISUAL IMAGERY SPATIAL IMAGERY

Question 42

It refers to the use of images that represent characteristics such as colors and shapes.

Answer 42

visual imagery

Question 43

It refers to images that represent features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations.

Answer 43

Spatial imagery

Question 44

It deals with the acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge about objects and actions in 2-D and 3-D space.

Answer 44

Spatial cognition

Question 45

These are internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships

Answer 45

Cognitive maps

Question 46

Humans seem to use three types of knowledge when forming and using cognitive maps:

Answer 46

Landmark knowledge Route-road Knowledge Survey knowledge

Question 47

It is information about particular features at a location and which may be based on both imaginal and propositional representations (Thorndyke, 1981).

Answer 47

Landmark knowledge

Question 48

It involves specific pathways for moving from one location to another (Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be based on both procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge.

Answer 48

Route-road knowledge

Question 49

It involves estimated distances between landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps (Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).

Answer 49

Survey knowledge

Question 50

It involves estimated distances between landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps (Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).

Answer 50

Survey knowledge

Question 51

When we use landmarks, route-road, and survey knowledge, we sometimes use rules of thumb that influence our estimations of distance. These rules of thumb are cognitive strategies termed _____

Answer 51

heuristics