Chapter 7 Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary responsibility of fire and emergency responders?
A
To protect their lives and property while serving others
This ensures that they can effectively manage emergency situations without becoming part of the emergency themselves.
2
Q
What can happen if responders become injured during emergency operations?
A
Resources may need to be redirected away from the original objectives of the incident
This can negatively impact the outcome of the original incident.
3
Q
What is the role of company officers in ensuring safety?
A
To create a culture of safety and prevent accidents, illnesses, and minimize risks
This includes being familiar with industry standards, best practices, and safety policies.
4
Q
What does NFPA 1021 (2020) emphasize for company officers?
A
Knowledge of local, state/provincial, and federal laws and standards relating to firefighter safety and health
This is crucial for promoting a safe work environment.
5
Q
What is one standard that departments should reference to promote safety?
A
NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety, Health, and Wellness Program
This standard helps establish safety-oriented culture within the department.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Company officers should implement _______ that are specific to their department’s operations.
A
[safety policies and procedures]
Implementing tailored safety policies is vital for effective safety management.
7
Q
What is the purpose of the NFPA 1584 standard?
A
To outline the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Training Exercises
This standard is crucial for maintaining responder health during operations.
8
Q
True or False: The Occupational Safety & Health Standard (OSHA) does not include respiratory protection guidelines.
A
False
OSHA 29 CER 1910.134 specifically addresses Respiratory Protection.
9
Q
What is the significance of establishing a safety-oriented culture in a fire department?
A
Prevent accidents, avoid illness and minimize the exposure to risk
## Footnote
A safety-oriented culture is essential for minimizing risks and preventing accidents.
10
Q
List three safety standards or regulations that company officers should be familiar with.
A
- NFPA 1500
- NFPA 1561
- NFPA 1582
Familiarity with these standards is essential for ensuring firefighter safety and health.
11
Q
What must company officers be familiar with?
A
Local safety policies and procedures
This includes understanding their applications in the workplace.
12
Q
What should periodic training sessions ensure?
A
Unit members are familiar with safety policies and procedures
Training should cover practical applications.
13
Q
What must be included in practical training evolutions?
A
Application of all appropriate safety policies
This is essential for company-level training.
14
Q
What should company officers ensure regarding personnel qualifications?
A
Qualifications are appropriate and current for each individual’s duty assignment
This ensures readiness and compliance.
15
Q
Give examples of personnel qualifications.
A
- Medical certifications
- Vehicle and apparatus operation certifications
- Professional qualifications
These qualifications are critical for effective duty performance.
16
Q
According to NFPA 1021 (2020), what is the workplace for fire and emergency responders?
A
Not a single location; it includes multiple locations connected by routes of transportation
This highlights the dynamic nature of their work environment.
17
Q
What can the organization and company officer directly control?
A
The organization’s facilities, stations, and apparatus
These are made as safe as possible for operations.
18
Q
How can the workplace generally be divided for fire and emergency responders?
A
- Emergency scene
- En route to and from the emergency scene
- Facilities
Understanding these divisions aids in safety management.
19
Q
What is workplace safety?
A
Activities that ensure a safe work environment and protect employees from job-related injuries, illnesses, and exposures to hazardous materials.
It includes the responsibility of management to provide a safe workplace.
20
Q
Who holds the ultimate responsibility for workplace safety?
A
The organization’s management.
This includes ensuring personal accountability.
21
Q
What are the key components to achieving workplace safety?
A
Good leadership, training, policies, procedures, and maintenance of facilities and equipment.
Company officers play a crucial role in implementing these components.
22
Q
What is the role of company officers in workplace safety?
A
Responsible for implementing policies and procedures and reporting the need for maintenance or replacement of unsafe equipment.
They must also address safety issues during shifts.
23
Q
What are common acute injury types in emergency services?
A
- Trauma
- Asphyxiation
- Cuts and bruises
- Thermal stress
These injuries are prevalent due to the physically demanding nature of emergency response.
24
Q
What must company officers recognize to ensure safety?
A
Unsafe acts by crew members and unsafe conditions.
They must be able to stop unsafe acts and take appropriate action.
25
What type of injuries are most common among fire and EMS personnel?
Sprains and strains.
## Footnote
These injuries are often due to the physical demands of emergency responses.
26
True or False: Company officers should only address safety issues during roll call.
False.
## Footnote
Safety issues should be addressed continuously during shifts.
27
What are examples of chronic injuries?
Exposure to carcinogens, behavioral health issues such as PTSD
## Footnote
Chronic injuries can result from long-term exposure to harmful substances or psychological stressors.
28
What is the most common cause of incident fatalities?
Cardiac arrest
## Footnote
Cardiac arrest highlights the importance of physical fitness in safety and wellness programs.
29
What should be a priority in safety, health, and wellness programs?
Physical fitness
## Footnote
Emphasizing physical fitness can help reduce fatalities in emergency situations.
30
What is one resource that can be used for physical fitness guidelines?
LAFF/LAFG/NVEC wellness initiatives
## Footnote
These initiatives provide structured physical fitness programs.
31
What skills are important for preventing emergency scene injuries?
Accurate scene size-up skills
## Footnote
Effective scene size-up can help manage risks and develop operational strategies.
32
What practices should be utilized to devise the overall operational strategy?
Sound risk management practices
## Footnote
These practices help in minimizing risks during emergency responses.
33
What must company officers do regarding policies and procedures at emergency scenes?
Comply, enforce, and educate personnel
## Footnote
Ensuring adherence to policies is crucial for maintaining scene safety.
34
What are unsafe acts?
Internal factors performed by the company officer or crew member
## Footnote
Unsafe acts can compromise safety during emergency operations.
35
What are unsafe conditions?
Externally controlled factors that should be recognized and addressed
## Footnote
Addressing unsafe conditions is essential for ensuring safety on the scene.
36
Name one incident scene risk control measure.
Use of accountability systems
## Footnote
Accountability systems help track personnel and ensure safety.
37
What is a mandatory requirement for emergency scene operations?
Mandatory respiratory protection plans
## Footnote
These plans protect responders from inhaling hazardous substances.
38
What should health and wellness SOPs include?
Rehab
## Footnote
Rehabilitation is critical for maintaining responder health during incidents.
39
What system should be implemented for incident management?
National Incident Management System-Incident Command System (NIMS-ICS)
## Footnote
NIMS-ICS provides a standardized framework for incident management.
40
What should company officers do to stay current on trends within fire and emergency services?
Reference cause, injury, and fatality statistical data
## Footnote
Staying informed helps in understanding and mitigating risks.
41
Name one organization in the United States that provides injury and fatality information.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
## Footnote
NIOSH is a key source for occupational safety data.
42
What is an example of an unsafe act during on-scene operations?
Freelancing or operating independently of the company officer or Incident Commander's control
## Footnote
Such actions can jeopardize the safety and effectiveness of emergency responses.
43
What is the importance of training programs for scene safety?
To ensure responders do not perform unsafe acts
## Footnote
Training prepares responders to act safely and effectively in emergencies.
44
What are the incident priorities that a company officer must follow at an emergency scene?
Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation
45
List three examples of unsafe conditions at emergency scenes.
* Zero visibility
* Unsafe structural conditions
* Rapidly moving or uncontrolled fires
46
True or False: Smoke can contain toxic gases that are harmful if inhaled.
True
47
What are two hazardous components found in smoke?
* Carbon monoxide
* Hydrogen cyanide
48
Fill in the blank: Smoke may contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and _______ that can penetrate firefighter protective clothing.
[PAHs]
49
What should personnel do to minimize exposure to smoke?
* Use monitoring and detection devices
* Implement scene control zones
* Wear full PPE including SCBA in the hot zone
* Ensure PPE fits properly
* Locate apparatus and command posts upwind from smoke
* Limit time exposed to smoke
* Utilize fans and/or water curtains
* Allow time for hazardous concentration levels to decrease
* Undergo decontamination per SOPs
* Wash with soap and water after exposure
50
What is the recommended method for washing after smoke exposure?
Washing with soap (Dawn® Dishwashing Liquid) and water
51
What should NOT be used during preliminary exposure reduction procedures?
Wipes that contain alcohol or alcohol derivatives
52
List two factors that contribute to unsafe conditions at emergency scenes.
* Hostile crowds
* Unstable vehicles
53
What is a key reason to wear full PPE in the hot zone?
To protect against smoke and hazardous materials
54
What is the importance of situational awareness at emergency scenes?
To recognize and respond to potential hazards effectively
55
What happens if PPE does not fit properly?
It may not provide adequate protection against hazards
56
Fill in the blank: The absence of _______ can lead to unsafe conditions during emergency operations.
[appropriate rehab]
57
What can smoke exposure lead to in terms of health risks?
Potential inhalation hazards and skin absorption of toxins
58
What are unsafe acts or conditions responsible for during response to and from an incident?
Injuries and fatalities
## Footnote
Many casualties can be prevented through proper measures.
59
List three measures that can prevent casualties during response and return.
* Apparatus design and maintenance
* Driver/operator training and certification
* Incident analysis to identify contributing and causal factors
## Footnote
These measures help mitigate the risks associated with emergency response.
60
Who should recognize unsafe acts and take corrective action?
Company officers
## Footnote
They play a crucial role in ensuring safety during emergency operations.
61
What should emergency responders be trained on before responding to an incident?
Safe vehicle operations
## Footnote
Training is essential for minimizing risks during emergency responses.
62
What special attention should company officers pay regarding privately owned vehicles (POVs)?
Training and education of drivers
## Footnote
Company officers must enforce policies related to driving POVs.
63
What is a common unsafe act that can occur during response?
Driving over the speed limit
## Footnote
This can lead to accidents and increased risk during response.
64
Fill in the blank: Unsafe acts may include _______.
Not wearing seat belt
## Footnote
Seat belts are crucial for safety during vehicle operation.
65
Name two unsafe conditions that must be recognized by company officers.
* Inclement weather
* Poor road conditions
## Footnote
These conditions can significantly impact driving safety.
66
What responsibility do company officers have regarding their drivers' actions?
Ensure appropriate precautions are taken
## Footnote
Company officers are responsible for mitigating risks during emergency driving.
67
True or False: Company officers should address unsafe acts immediately.
True
## Footnote
Immediate action helps prevent accidents and injuries.
68
What should company officers enforce regarding organizational vehicles?
Organizational policies regarding driving
## Footnote
This includes safe practices for both organizational and privately owned vehicles.
69
What is the importance of nonemergency safety in facilities?
It is equally important as emergency scene safety; injuries and fatalities can occur during daily nonemergency activities.
70
What are nonemergency casualties?
Casualties that occur during:
* Administrative duties
* Training
* Code enforcement and inspections
* Maintenance
* Non-incident-related situations
71
What is one of the best methods for providing a safe workplace?
Proper maintenance.
72
Who is responsible for reporting the need for repairs in facilities?
Company officers.
73
What should company officers conduct in accordance with organizational policies?
Facility inspections.
74
What are some examples of unsafe acts at facilities?
Unsafe acts may include:
* Not using warning signs for wet surfaces
* Improper use of power and hand tools
* Improper lifting of heavy objects
* Horseplay
* Bringing contaminated equipment into living areas/quarters
75
According to NFPA, how many injuries were associated with nonemergency activities in 2016?
12,780 injuries.
76
How many injuries were associated with training according to NFPA in 2016?
8,480 injuries.
77
What types of injuries primarily occurred during nonemergency activities?
Injuries primarily involved:
* Sprains
* Strains
* Cuts
* Bruises
78
Fill in the blank: Policies and procedures that identify risks in the facilities, activities, and behaviors will help create and maintain a _______.
safe work environment.
79
True or False: Nonemergency safety is less critical than emergency scene safety.
False.
80
What should company officers be able to recognize and address?
Unsafe conditions within facilities
## Footnote
Unsafe conditions include inadequate lighting, wet or oily floors, slippery or icy sidewalks, lack of routine maintenance, blocked exits, and fire doors propped open.
81
List three examples of unsafe conditions at facilities.
* Inadequate lighting
* Wet or oily floors
* Blocked exits
82
What is the purpose of safety-related inspections?
To ensure the integrity of equipment, vehicles, and facilities
## Footnote
Inspections help maintain safety standards and compliance with organizational policies.
83
True or False: Company officers may be asked to conduct safety inspections on equipment, vehicles, and facilities.
True
84
Fill in the blank: Safety-related inspections must occur in accordance with _______.
[organizational policies]
85
What types of equipment should be included in safety inspections?
* PPE
* Tools
* Fire fighting gear
* Medical gear
* Rescue gear
86
What aspects of vehicles are typically inspected during safety inspections?
* Traffic deterrent devices
* State vehicle inspections
* Aerial tests
* Pump tests
* Vehicle maintenance
87
Name two components that facilities safety inspections may cover.
* Proper lighting
* Up-to-date fire extinguishers
88
What could be a consequence of blocked exits in a facility?
Increased risk during emergencies
## Footnote
Blocked exits can impede evacuation and response efforts.
89
True or False: Fire doors should be propped open during inspections.
False
90
What is a common safety sign used to warn personnel?
Signs indicating wet, slippery floors
## Footnote
These signs help prevent accidents by alerting personnel to hazardous conditions.
91
What is the responsibility of the company officer regarding safety, health, and wellness programs?
To provide subordinates with information on the organization's safety, health, and wellness programs.
92
What are the leading causes of firefighter fatalities?
Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and behavioral health issues.
93
What do comprehensive safety, health, and wellness programs aim to reduce?
Accidents, injuries, illnesses, and exposures.
94
What should the organization's safety, health, and wellness programs include? List three components.
* Information on emergency and nonemergency safety practices
* Overall wellness and fitness
* Inspections and accident investigations
95
True or False: Cumulative stress is a concern that should be addressed in safety, health, and wellness programs.
True
96
Fill in the blank: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of firefighter _______.
fatalities
97
What type of stress is characterized by atypically stressful events?
Critical Incident Stress
98
Name one emerging issue in firefighter health besides cardiovascular disease.
Cancer or behavioral health
99
What is occupational stress?
Stress related to the demands and pressures of the firefighting profession.
100
What does NFPA 1021 (2020) emphasize regarding safety and health?
The importance of safety, health, and wellness programs in reducing firefighter risks.
101
What is the purpose of a safety and health program in fire and emergency services?
To promote safety and health among personnel and reduce risks
## Footnote
This program includes various practices and policies to enhance safety.
102
What does a risk management plan aim to achieve?
To identify, analyze, and manage risks associated with fire and emergency services
## Footnote
It helps in understanding and mitigating inherent risks.
103
Define inherent risk in the context of fire and emergency services.
Risk associated with fire and emergency operations
## Footnote
This includes various hazards personnel may face.
104
List the three distinct sections of a risk management plan.
* Community risk management
* Organizational risk management
* Operational risk management
105
What is community risk management?
Evaluating and managing risks for the entire community
## Footnote
This includes assessing fire risks and ensuring emergency services meet agency missions.
106
What does organizational risk management evaluate?
Risks and hazards affecting the organization
## Footnote
It provides control measures to reduce negative events.
107
What is operational risk management focused on?
Assessing risks faced by emergency responders during operations
## Footnote
It includes evaluating risks at the scene of incidents.
108
What are risk control measures?
Actions taken to reduce the likelihood or severity of incidents
## Footnote
These measures are essential for effective risk management.
109
Name the two categories of control measures.
* Administrative controls
* Engineering controls
110
What are examples of administrative controls?
* SOPs/SOGs
* Health, safety, and wellness programs
* Training and educational programs
* Regulations and standards
111
What are engineering controls in the context of risk management?
Safety features incorporated into facilities and equipment
## Footnote
This includes mechanical ventilation and lockout/tagout programs.
112
True or False: Risk management involves only identifying hazards without any further steps.
False
## Footnote
It includes analyzing, selecting techniques, implementing them, and monitoring results.
113
Fill in the blank: The overall risk management plan should have _______ distinct sections.
three
114
What is the goal of risk reduction through control measures?
To manage risk effectively and prevent accidents
## Footnote
This is the most common method used in risk management.
115
What is the significance of evaluating control measures?
To measure their effectiveness
## Footnote
This ensures that the implemented measures are successful in reducing risks.
116
What are the Three E's of Safety Model?
Engineering, Education, Enforcement
## Footnote
The model emphasizes educating the workforce and enforcing safety policies.
117
What is the goal of engineering in the Three E's of Safety Model?
Eliminates or reduces the hazard through design or modification
## Footnote
Engineering aims to create a barrier between the individual and the hazard.
118
List three applications of engineering in safety.
* Building construction
* Fire apparatus design
* Personal protective equipment design, construction, and testing
## Footnote
NFPA standards provide testing and design criteria to reduce fire hazard.
119
What does education entail within the context of the Three E's of Safety Model?
Learning proper safety procedures and teaching fire prevention and emergency care
## Footnote
This results in fewer emergency responses by the organization.
120
Who is responsible for enforcing safety policies according to the Three E's of Safety Model?
Management, supervisors, and employees
## Footnote
High levels of participation from all fire department divisions are essential.
121
What is the first component of the organizational risk management plan?
Risk identification
## Footnote
Conducted in the community, within the organization, and during incidents.
122
How is risk evaluated in the organizational risk management plan?
Based on probability and potential for negative consequences
## Footnote
This includes anticipated severity and frequency of occurrence.
123
What is the purpose of establishing priorities for action in risk management?
To rank identified risks by severity and frequency
## Footnote
This helps in determining which risks to address first.
124
What does risk-control technique involve?
Identifying control measures for each significant risk
## Footnote
It is a crucial component of the risk management plan.
125
What is the final component of the organizational risk management plan?
Risk-management monitoring
## Footnote
This involves ongoing monitoring of risk control measures.
126
What is the first step in the operational risk management process?
Situational awareness
## Footnote
It includes considering communications plans, weather factors, and previous incident behavior.
127
What does hazard assessment involve?
Identifying hazards and considering their severity and future impact
## Footnote
This step is crucial in the operational risk management process.
128
What is the purpose of hazard control in the operational risk management process?
To contain, isolate, and eliminate hazards
## Footnote
It is essential for maintaining safety during operations.
129
Fill in the blank: The organizational risk management plan requires a _______ approach.
[systematic]
## Footnote
A systematic approach is crucial for effective risk management.
130
True or False: Management and labor must work cooperatively to involve employees in safety programs.
True
## Footnote
Cooperation is key to gaining employee acceptance of safety programs.
131
What is a decision point in a risk management context?
Determine if appropriate resources are available and if assignments can be completed
132
What does NFPA 1500 stipulate for fire department safety and health programs?
Criteria that should be part of all fire department safety and health programs include:
* Written standard operational procedures/guidelines
* Preincident plans
* Written risk management plan
* Written safety and health policy
* Roles and responsibilities of Health and Safety Officer
* Membership and function of Occupational Safety and Health Committee
* Safety and health record management
133
What is the primary goal of a written safety and health policy?
To identify goals for the prevention and elimination of occupational injuries, accidents, exposures, and line of duty deaths (LODDs)
134
True or False: Cardiovascular emergencies are the most common cause of firefighter fatalities.
True
135
How can wellness be addressed in fire department safety programs?
Through education, fitness, and nutrition
136
List some health and wellness practices that company officers should encourage.
* Routine medical screening
* Proper nutrition
* Weight control
* Physical fitness
* Cancer prevention practices
* Stress management
* Tobacco cessation programs
137
Fill in the blank: The roles and responsibilities of the _______ and any Incident Safety Officer (ISO) should be outlined in the safety and health program.
[Health and Safety Officer]
138
What programs should company officers encourage members to participate in for better health?
* Drug and alcohol abuse programs
* Employee assistance programs (EAP)
* Behavioral health services
139
What is the purpose of daily physical fitness training in the context of firefighter safety?
To help prevent cardiovascular events at incidents
140
What are NFPA 1582 and NFPA 1583?
Standards on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program and Health-Related Fitness Programs for Fire Departments
## Footnote
These standards are foundational for the IAFF/IAFC Wellness Fitness Initiative and the National Volunteer Fire Council Serve Strong Campaign.
141
What does the U.S. FEMA document 'Health and Wellness Guide for the Volunteer Fire and Emergency Services' provide?
Information directed at volunteer departments regarding health and wellness
## Footnote
This document is aimed at improving the well-being of volunteer firefighters.
142
What does the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) focus on in its guidance?
Firefighter mental illness and suicide prevention
## Footnote
NWCG emphasizes the importance of addressing mental health in the firefighting community.
143
True or False: Suicidal thoughts among firefighters are considered signs of weakness.
False
## Footnote
Suicidal thoughts are indicators of a medical condition that requires attention.
144
List some risk factors for firefighter mental illness.
* Sleep deprivation
* Witnessing traumatic events
* Loss of a close relationship
* Knowing others who have died by suicide
* Heavy alcohol or drug use
* Major physical illness or injury
* Isolation or lack of social support
## Footnote
These factors can contribute to mental health challenges in firefighters.
145
What are some warning signs of firefighter mental illness?
* Sudden withdrawal from social contact
* Increasingly reckless behavior
* Having a suicide plan (time, place, method)
* Persistent feeling of hopelessness
* Mood swings/Change in behavior
## Footnote
Recognizing these signs can aid in early intervention.
146
What is one action you can take to prevent firefighter mental illness?
Take care of yourself and others by monitoring and managing mental health
## Footnote
This includes not being afraid to ask for help and seeking medical treatment.
147
Fill in the blank: Open communication is especially important for the survivors after a firefighter _______.
suicide
## Footnote
It helps in providing support and understanding in a difficult time.
148
What should you do if someone shows warning signs of suicide?
Ask direct questions like 'Are you thinking of suicide?' and 'Do you have a plan?'
## Footnote
Direct communication can be critical in preventing suicide.
149
What is a proactive step to take if someone you know has a suicide plan?
Do not leave them alone and remove any firearms or implements that could cause harm
## Footnote
Immediate action is essential in crisis situations.
150
What is the purpose of the accident, injury, and illness prevention program?
To provide firefighters information and training regarding the hazards that exist in their work environments
## Footnote
This includes facilities, apparatus, emergency incident sites, and training exercises.
151
Name one resource for suicide prevention initiatives in firefighting.
Firefighter Behavioral Health Alliance
## Footnote
This organization documents issues related to mental health and suicide in the fire service.
152
What is the Share the Load Program?
A program by the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) aimed at supporting mental health in firefighters
## Footnote
It provides resources for firefighters in crisis.
153
What type of service is Safe Call Now?
A 24-hour crisis referral service for public safety employees
## Footnote
It helps connect individuals with mental health resources.
154
List three common hazards identified in the accident, injury, and illness prevention program.
* Physical injury hazards
* Occupational illness
* Motor vehicle related accidents
155
What should be done after an accident occurs in a firefighting organization?
Conduct an investigation/review (I/R) to determine the root cause, source, or origin
## Footnote
The investigation should be objective and directed toward facts.
156
Fill in the blank: The most common hazards can be divided into categories, including _______.
[key learning term]
## Footnote
Examples include hearing loss, respiratory injury, and hazardous materials exposure.
157
What is the role of the company officer regarding workplace hazards?
To determine hazards present in the workplace and reinforce appropriate corrective measures
## Footnote
This includes policies, procedures, or equipment required to protect personnel.
158
True or False: Hazards may only occur at emergency incident scenes.
False
## Footnote
Hazards can also occur during training or while working in the organization's facilities.
159
What is the purpose of accident investigation/review policies?
To develop and implement procedures that help understand the causes of accidents
## Footnote
This aims to prevent future incidents.
160
List two types of injuries firefighters are trained to prevent.
* Hearing loss
* Respiratory injury or illness
161
What is the primary purpose of investigations into workplace accidents?
To identify and document the following:
* Thought process behind the decisions made
* Behavior or condition that resulted in the accident
* Previously unrecognized hazards
* Defects or design flaws in the apparatus or equipment
* Additional training needs
* Improvements needed in safety policies and procedures
* Facts that could have a legal impact on the accident or case
* Historical trends
## Footnote
Investigations focus on understanding the root causes rather than assigning blame.
162
What is the first step when an incident involves serious personal injuries?
Stabilize the victim and transport them to a health care facility for medical treatment
## Footnote
Minor injuries may be treated at the scene.
163
What must the officer in charge do after ensuring the victim receives medical treatment?
Secure the accident scene and leave all equipment, clothing, or vehicles in place
## Footnote
If vehicles must be moved, they should be photographed or sketched first.
164
What is the significance of the evidence at an accident scene?
It is essential for:
* Reconstructing the accident and preventing future accidents
* Supporting potential legal cases that may occur as a result of the incident
## Footnote
Evidence includes all items involved in the incident.
165
What should a company officer do when a unit member experiences a job-related injury or illness?
Ensure prompt medical treatment for the individual
## Footnote
If serious, the individual must be transported to a medical treatment facility.
166
Fill in the blank: The investigations into workplace accidents aim to identify previously unrecognized _______.
[hazards]
167
True or False: The purpose of accident investigations is to punish those involved.
False
## Footnote
The investigations are intended to find solutions and prevent future incidents.
168
What should be documented about the decisions made during an accident?
The thought process behind the decisions
## Footnote
Understanding decision-making can help identify root causes.
169
What are the key elements that should be documented in an investigation?
Key elements include:
* Thought process behind decisions
* Behavior or condition that caused the accident
* Previously unrecognized hazards
* Design flaws
* Training needs
* Safety policy improvements
* Legal facts
* Historical trends
## Footnote
Each element contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the incident.
170
What is necessary to preserve evidence in investigations?
Bagging it
## Footnote
This ensures that evidence is not contaminated or lost.
171
What is the purpose of a Medical Exposure Management Program?
To control and manage threats from medical exposures to communicable diseases and hazardous materials
## Footnote
This program is essential for the safety and health of organization members.
172
What does NFPA 1582 provide guidance on?
Conducting annual physicals for firefighters
## Footnote
This applies to both career and volunteer firefighters.
173
When may exposure investigations occur?
Immediately following an incident or when symptoms appear later
## Footnote
Symptoms may take years to manifest after exposure.
174
What is essential for any current or future investigation?
Accurate and thorough documentation of all incidents and exposures
## Footnote
This helps in tracing back the causes of occupational illnesses.
175
What might a long-range investigation into occupational illnesses involve?
Water and air sampling, testing for asbestos, reviewing emergency responses
## Footnote
This is particularly relevant for trends of cancer in personnel.
176
What should be established to manage exposures to infectious diseases?
An infection control program
## Footnote
This is aimed at protecting organization members from potential threats.
177
What does NFPA 1581 refer to?
Medical exposure program
## Footnote
It is a standard for fire department infection control.
178
What components should an infection control plan include?
Education and training, vaccination requirements, documentation, cleaning protocols, reporting protocols
## Footnote
These elements are essential for effective infection control.
179
What is the role of the hazmat Branch Safety Officer during hazardous materials incidents?
Monitors potential hazards and advises the Incident Commander
## Footnote
This ensures the safety of emergency personnel during such incidents.
180
Fill in the blank: NFPA 1582 provides guidance on conducting _______.
[annual physicals]
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining the health of firefighters.
181
True or False: Symptoms of exposure to hazardous materials may appear immediately.
False
## Footnote
Symptoms may take years to appear after exposure.
182
What does OSHA's CFR 1910.120(c)(7) require to be considered during a hazardous materials incident?
Risks including:
* Exposures exceeding permissible limits
* IDLH concentrations
* Potential skin absorption and irritation
* Potential eye irritation
* Explosion sensitivity
* Oxygen deficiency
## Footnote
IDLH stands for Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health.
183
What does Title 29 CFR 1910.1200 require from fire and emergency services organizations?
To provide affected employees with all data on hazardous materials exposure.
## Footnote
This regulation mandates transparency regarding hazardous materials after an incident.
184
What has fire research demonstrated regarding carcinogens?
Numerous carcinogens are present in almost all types of fires.
## Footnote
This is particularly relevant to modern firefighting due to the materials involved in contemporary fires.
185
How do modern fires differ from traditional construction fires?
They have greater amounts and varieties of contaminants due to more manufactured products burning at higher temperatures.
## Footnote
This increases the risk of dermal contamination and inhalation injuries.
186
What is the relationship between temperature and skin absorption of chemicals?
Absorption rates increase 400% for every 5-degree rise in temperature.
## Footnote
Higher temperatures enhance the skin's ability to absorb chemicals.
187
Which areas of the body have high absorption rates for chemicals?
High absorption areas include:
* Groin
* Jaw
* Forehead
* Back
## Footnote
Arms, hands, and ankles also have increased absorption rates but to a lesser extent.
188
What types of cancer are firefighters at greater risk of contracting?
Firefighters are at greater risk for:
* Testicular Cancer
* Prostate Cancer
* Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
* Multiple Myeloma
## Footnote
These cancers are linked to exposure to carcinogens in fires and exhaust fumes.
189
What is the increased risk factor for testicular cancer in male firefighters?
2 times the risk compared to the general population.
## Footnote
This highlights the significant health risks associated with firefighting.
190
What is the increased risk factor for prostate cancer in male firefighters?
1.3 times the risk compared to the general population.
191
What is the increased risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in firefighters?
1.5 times the risk for both men and women.
192
What is the increased risk factor for breast cancer in female firefighters?
1.5 times the risk compared to the general population.
193
True or False: Firefighters face a greater cancer risk than the general public.
True
## Footnote
Research indicates that firefighters are exposed to higher levels of carcinogens.
194
What is a key recommendation for firefighters working in or around fire-damaged structures?
Always wear SCBA when working in or around fire-damaged structures.
## Footnote
SCBA stands for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.
195
What should firefighters do to avoid chemical exposure from smoke and diesel exhaust?
Remain upwind of fires and smoke plumes. Wear SCBA if in the smoke plume or around diesel exhaust.
## Footnote
SCBA is essential for protecting against inhalation hazards.
196
What should be done with contaminated gear before entering the rehab area?
Doff contaminated gear before entering the rehab area.
## Footnote
This practice helps reduce contamination spread.
197
Where should contaminated turnouts not be stored?
Do not wear or store contaminated turnouts inside the apparatus cab, in personal vehicle compartments, or in station or home living areas.
## Footnote
Proper storage is crucial to prevent further contamination.
198
What should firefighters do with their turnouts and equipment after each fire response?
Decontaminate and/or launder turnouts, fire hood, and other equipment that readily contacts the skin after each fire response.
## Footnote
Regular cleaning is necessary to maintain safety.
199
What immediate hygiene practices should firefighters follow after a fire?
Wash hands and neck skin immediately after the fire and shower as soon as possible.
## Footnote
This helps remove contaminants from the skin.
200
According to NFPA 191, how should personal protective equipment be maintained?
Personal protective equipment should be maintained in accordance with Chapter 7 of NFPA 191.
## Footnote
Compliance with NFPA standards is vital for safety.
201
What does NFPA 1500 require regarding accidents and exposures?
Accidents, injuries, occupational illnesses, exposures, and near misses must be investigated or reviewed according to NFPA 1500.
## Footnote
This applies to all incidents within the fire service.
202
What are the objectives of investigations/reviews after an incident?
* Investigate an incident after it has occurred
* Learn why those involved thought their choices were appropriate
* Better understand the vulnerabilities of the organization
* Implement improvements.
## Footnote
These objectives help prevent future incidents.
203
What information should company officers collect during an investigation?
* Date and time of incident
* Type of incident, illness, injury, or fatality
* Location and emergency response type
* Names of witnesses and their accounts
* Corrective measures suggested
## Footnote
Gathering this information is essential for thorough investigations.
204
What employee characteristics should be documented during an investigation?
* Name and unit assignment
* Age and gender
* Rank/function
* Personal protective clothing or equipment in use
* Extenuating circumstances
## Footnote
This data helps analyze the context of the incident.
205
True or False: Company officers must follow their organizations' prescribed policies and procedures during investigations.
True.
## Footnote
Adhering to policies ensures consistency and accountability.
206
What are the key components of environmental information in an investigation report?
* Weather and temperature
* Noise and visibility
* Day or night conditions
* Terrain
## Footnote
These factors help assess the context of the incident.
207
What types of equipment information should be included in an investigation report?
* Type of equipment involved
* Location
* Age and condition
* Maintenance history
* Distinguishing characteristics
## Footnote
This information helps determine the role of equipment in the incident.
208
What does the final portion of an investigation report typically include?
A narrative description of the incident, including officer's observations, eye-witness reports, participant interviews, and information from other sources
## Footnote
This comprehensive narrative aids in understanding the incident's circumstances.
209
What are the physical stresses faced by emergency responders during fire fighting?
* Extreme hot or cold weather conditions
* Risks of illness or injury due to lack of rehabilitation
## Footnote
These stresses necessitate proper rehabilitation practices.
210
Why is rehabilitation (rehab) important for emergency responders?
It decreases the risk of illness or injury and ensures responders are ready to be reassigned or return to duty in a 'ready state'
## Footnote
Adequate rehab is crucial for maintaining operational safety.
211
Who should emphasize the importance of rehab to their crews?
Company officers
## Footnote
Leaders must advocate for and model rehabilitation practices.
212
What should company officers and incident commanders do regarding rehab policies?
* Set the example
* Ensure policies and procedures are followed
## Footnote
Leadership is key to establishing a safety-oriented culture.
213
What is the role of a safety-oriented culture in emergency response?
It reduces the risk of illness or injury to members operating at an incident scene or training site
## Footnote
A strong culture promotes safety and preparedness.
214
What standard should be used as a guide for developing rehabilitation policies?
NFPA 1584, Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Training Exercises
## Footnote
This standard provides best practices for rehabilitation.
215
Fill in the blank: Company officers should monitor and evaluate _______ and work activities of their personnel.
environmental
## Footnote
This monitoring is essential for ensuring safety during operations.
216
What is the primary purpose of PPE?
To ensure personnel safety
## Footnote
PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment and is essential for protecting individuals from hazards.
217
What is the importance of selecting appropriate PPE?
To protect against specific types of emergencies
## Footnote
Different types of PPE are designed for various hazards, and proper selection is crucial for safety.
218
Which organizations set standards for PPE design?
* NFPA
* OSHA
* NIOSH
* MSHA
## Footnote
These organizations provide guidelines and standards for the selection and use of PPE.
219
Why is it important to wear PPE properly?
Even the best PPE cannot protect unless worn correctly
## Footnote
Proper usage is critical to maximizing the effectiveness of PPE.
220
What must company officers understand about PPE?
* When to wear it
* Its limitations
* Risks of using it beyond limitations
## Footnote
Knowledge of PPE limitations is essential to avoid injuries.
221
What are some safety considerations for PPE use?
* Understanding the hazard
* Donning and doffing techniques
* Equipment distribution
* Heat, hydration, and stress issues
* Heat and moisture retention
## Footnote
These factors can impact the effectiveness and safety of PPE.
222
What factors determine when to wear PPE?
The hazard at the scene and prior education and experience
## Footnote
Training scenarios also aid in making correct PPE selections.
223
What is the correct procedure for doffing PPE to avoid contamination?
Remove disposable PPE without contaminating the skin
## Footnote
Care must be taken to avoid spreading contaminants.
224
How should contaminated medical gloves be removed?
By pulling the wrist edge down over the glove
## Footnote
This technique traps the contamination inside the glove.
225
What areas should be washed immediately after firefighting efforts?
* Temple areas
* Ears
* Neck
* Armpits
* Wrists
* Hands
* Groin
## Footnote
Washing these areas helps to remove contaminants.
226
What should responders do with contaminated PPE after use?
Bag it for transport and clean it as soon as possible
## Footnote
Cleaning should follow NFPA and organizational standards.
227
What should be considered when selecting PPE?
Err on the side of safety and select the highest level of protection
## Footnote
Choosing the best protection is crucial for safety.
228
What standard governs the inspections of PPE?
NFPA 1851
## Footnote
This standard outlines the selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles.
229
When should PPE be inspected?
* When first accepted by the department
* After any repair
* Regularly on a formal schedule
## Footnote
Regular inspections ensure PPE remains effective and safe.
230
What happens when new PPE is delivered to a department?
It is inspected to ensure completeness and specification compliance
## Footnote
Initial inspections are critical for verifying the quality of the equipment.
231
What should be done to certain items like SCBA and PASS devices during inspection?
They should be tested to ensure proper performance
## Footnote
Testing is essential for equipment that is critical for safety.
232
What is assigned to new PPE upon delivery?
An inventory control number and an individual record
## Footnote
This helps track the PPE within the department.
233
What is the purpose of regular inspections of PPE?
To ensure that the PPE is ready for immediate use and all items work properly.
## Footnote
Regular inspections are conducted at the beginning of each work shift.
234
Who performs formal, annual, or preventive maintenance inspections on PPE?
Trained mechanics, repair technicians, or the department Health and Safety Officer (HSO).
## Footnote
These inspections are more thorough than regular inspections.
235
What standards should preventive maintenance inspections follow?
NFPA 1851 and AHI policies and procedures.
## Footnote
Inspections should occur at regularly scheduled intervals.
236
Why is proper care and maintenance of PPE important?
To ensure safety and maintain the original cost/benefit ratio.
## Footnote
Clean and serviceable equipment performs as intended.
237
What should be used to clean the outer shell of PPE?
Water and a mild detergent.
## Footnote
This includes the coat, trousers, cuffs, collar, boots, hood, gloves, helmet shell, and neck shroud.
238
What cleaning product should never be used on PPE?
Bleach or any product containing bleach.
## Footnote
This is to prevent damage to the fabric.
239
Where should contaminated PPE be cleaned?
In a designated decon sink.
## Footnote
Contaminated PPE should also be stored away from diesel exhaust.
240
What is the proper way to dry PPE?
In a designated dryer or by hanging it on a drying rack.
## Footnote
PPE should not be hung in direct sunlight as ultraviolet light can degrade the fabric.
241
Where should PPE be stored?
In well-ventilated, secure lockers in or adjacent to the apparatus room.
## Footnote
PPE should not be stored in living quarters.
242
Who is authorized to perform maintenance and repairs on SCBAs and SARs?
Trained and certified technicians.
## Footnote
These units must be tested after maintenance before returning to service.
243
True or False: Modifying PPE can nullify its warranty.
True.
## Footnote
Modifications can alter the performance of the item.
244
What should be done if additional pockets or attachment points are needed on PPE?
They should be specified when PPE is ordered.
## Footnote
Modifications after purchase are not advisable.
245
Fill in the blank: PPE should never be cleaned at ______.
home.
## Footnote
Cleaning at home can introduce contaminants and is not compliant with safety standards.
246
What is the purpose of the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives?
To provide a blueprint for making changes that reduce firefighter deaths and injuries
## Footnote
Initiatives were produced at the Firefighter Life Safety Summit in March 2004.
247
What is the first initiative of the Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives?
Define and advocate the need for a cultural change within the fire service relating to safety
## Footnote
This includes leadership, management, supervision, accountability, and personal responsibility.
248
What does the second initiative emphasize?
Enhance personal and organizational accountability for health and safety throughout the fire service
249
What is the focus of the third initiative?
Integration of risk management with incident management at all levels
## Footnote
This includes strategic, tactical, and planning responsibilities.
250
What empowerment is highlighted in the fourth initiative?
All firefighters must be empowered to stop unsafe practices
251
What is the goal of the fifth initiative?
Develop and implement national standards for training, qualifications, and certification
252
Fill in the blank: The sixth initiative focuses on developing national _______ and physical fitness standards.
medical
253
What does the seventh initiative call for?
Create a national research agenda and data collection system related to the initiatives
254
What is the eighth initiative regarding technology?
Utilize available technology wherever it can produce higher levels of health and safety
255
What should be thoroughly investigated according to the ninth initiative?
All firefighter fatalities, injuries, and near misses
256
What type of programs should grant programs support according to the tenth initiative?
Implementation of safe practices and/or mandate safe practices as an eligibility requirement
257
What should be developed and championed according to the eleventh initiative?
National standards for emergency response policies and procedures
258
What does the twelfth initiative call for?
Development and championing of national protocols for response to violent incidents
259
What support must firefighters and their families have according to the thirteenth initiative?
Access to counseling and psychological support
260
What does the fourteenth initiative emphasize regarding public education?
Must receive more resources and be championed as a critical fire and life safety program
261
What advocacy is mentioned in the fifteenth initiative?
Strengthened advocacy for the enforcement of codes and the installation of home fire sprinklers
262
What must be a primary consideration in the design of apparatus and equipment according to the sixteenth initiative?
Safety
