Chapter 7

Question 1

Hormonal Transport of Peptide and Catecholamines

Answer 1

-Water Soluble, hydrophilic
-Transported easily in blood, as blood is mostly water
-Easily degraded by enzymes so they have a short half life

Question 2

Hormonal Transport of Thyroid and Steroids

Answer 2

-Hydrophobic, lipophilic
-Do not travel in the blood well
-There are small amounts free in plasma
-Carried by transport proteins
-Not readily degraded by enzymes, causing a long half-life

Question 3

Hormonal Action of Peptide and Catecholamines

Answer 3

• Being hydrophilic must act on an extracellular receptor, activating a second messenger system
  -Activated an enzyme or opens a channel

Question 4

Hormonal Action Thyroid and Steroids

Answer 4

-Being lipophilic it diffuse directly through membrane
-Able to bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors and acts as transcription factors
-Change transcription of gene

Question 5

Steps of Endocrine Gland process

Answer 5

Endocrine Gland
Hormone
Binding with receptors
Target cell
-Alters channel permeability by acting on preexisting channel-forming proteins
-Acts through second messenger systems to alter activity of preexisting proteins
-Activates specific genes to cause formation of a new proteins
Physiological response

Question 6

Control of Hormone Secretion

Answer 6

1) Change in Plasma Ion concentration
2) Change in Plasma nutrient concentration
3) Neural Input
4) (Neuro) Hormone

Question 7

Change in plasma (example)

Answer 7

-Ions are heavily regulated
-Aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex stimulated increased Na+ resorption

Question 8

Change in Plasma nutrient concentration (example)

Answer 8

-Glucagon secreted by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans raises blood glucose

Question 9

Neural Input (example)

Answer 9

-Neural input causes secretion from a gland
-Sympathetic stimulation on adrenal medullar initiated Epi release

Question 10

(Neuro)Hormonal Input (example)

Answer 10

-(neuro)hormone stimulate the secretion of another hormone
-TSH controls secretion of T3 and T4
-CRH released from hypothalamus act on anterior pituitary to release ACTH

Question 11

Example of a cell that is responding to low calcium blood ion levels

Answer 11

1) have low calcium levels in the plasma
2) Parathyroid gland
3) Parathyroid hormone
4) Goes into blood stream to bone and kidney
5) Increase bone reabsorption or increase kidney reabsorption of calcium or production of calcitriol leads to increase intestinal absorption of calcium
6) Increase calcium absorption leads to more calcium in plasma

Question 12

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 12

1) Extension of the brain that secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus

Question 13

Posterior Pituitary Releases

Answer 13

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Question 14

Hypothalamic- Hypophyseal Portal System

Answer 14

1) Hypothalamus has neurons, and the body of neuron is in the hypothalamus
2) Axon travels all way through the infundibulum region and ends in the posterior pituitary
3) Hypo gets a signal and sends an action potential, exocytosis of our messenger occurs
4) Releasing messenger out of the posterior pituitary through blood vessels to the body

Question 15

Vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 15

-When present in the blood vessels will get small
-Blood pressure goes up
-ADH goes to the kidney
-Causes the kidney to reabsorb water
-Help maintain homeostasis
-Osmolarity of the blood

Question 16

Oxytocin

Answer 16

-Used also in reproduction
-Can go to mammary gland for larger lipids to allow for more milk production
-Makes uterus able to hold egg
-Breastfeeding produced oxytocin and allows milk to be secreted

Question 17

Tropic hormone

Answer 17

A hormone that stimulated the secretion of another hormone

Question 18

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Answer 18

Tropic Hormone that causes the release of a hormone from the gonads

Question 19

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 19

A hormone that is tropic hormone to your Adrenal cortex

Question 20

Anterior Pituitary General Layout

Answer 20

• Stimulus
• Hypothalamus (IC1)
• Trophic Hormone (H1)
• Anterior Pituitary (IC2)
• Trophic Hormone (H2)
• Endocrine Gland (IC3) Gland 3 can vary
• Hormone (H3)
• Target Tissue
• Response

Question 21

Negative Feedback loops of anterior pituitary general layout

Answer 21

Long: H3 to Hypo or H3 Anterior Pituitary
Short: H2 to Hypo

Question 22

Major hypophysiotropic Hormones

Answer 22

• Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
• Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
• Somatostatin (SS)
• Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRG)
• Dopamine (DA)= Prolactin- releasing inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 23

How does the hormone get to the anterior pituitary

Answer 23

Through the blood stream

Question 24

Major Hormone that come from the Anterior Pituitary

Answer 24

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Prolactin

Question 25

Gonadal Pathway for Male

Answer 25

* Control of Testicular Function * Hypothalamus Releasing GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone * Anterior Pituitary FSH-Secreting cells and LH-Secreting cells * FSH- goes to testes and Spermatogenesis * LH- goes to tested and Testosterone * Testosterone goes to target tissue

Question 26

What happens if we add testosterone into our body

Answer 26

Not be good to inject ourselves with normal levels that would not achieve anything, would want to do 3,4,5x the amount to have a result An issue is that it turns the release of GnRH off and FSH and LH off, not developing the gonads and no gamete production could happen

Question 27

Regulation of Thyroid hormone Secretion

Answer 27

* Stress or Cold in infants o Hypothalamus o TRH, Thyrotropin- releasing hormone o Anterior pituitary o Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH) o Thyroid Gland o Thyroid Hormone T3 & T4 o Increases metabolic rate and heat production; enhancement of growth and CNS development; enhancement of sympathetic activity

Question 28

Adrenal Gland secretion process

Answer 28

o Blood level of glucose falls too low, body is stressed o Hypothalamus o CRH, Corticotropin Releasing Hormone o Anterior pituitary o ACTH, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone o Adrenal Cortex o Cortisol o 1. Blood Glucose uptake inhibited in many tissues, especially muscles o 2. Proteins degraded in many tissues especially muscles. Free amino acids converted to glucose, also used to synthesize or repair cell structures. o 3. Fats in adipose tissue degraded to fatty acids, which are released to the blood as alternative energy sources