Chapter 7

Question 1

Symbolic logic:

Answer 1

Modern deductive logic that uses symbolic language to do its work

Question 2

4 logical connectives

(and their symbols)

Answer 2

1- Conjunction (and) (&)

e.g. (p & q)

2- Disjunction (or) (v)

e.g. ( p v q)

3- negation ( not ) (~)

e.g. ~p

4- Conditional (if-then) ( ->)

e.g. ( p -> q )

Question 3

example of conjunction (&)

Answer 3

Rak rode his bike, and noor walked

Question 4

example of disjunction (or) (v)

Answer 4

Either rak rode his bike, or noor walked

Question 5

Example of negation (~) (not)

Answer 5

Rak did not ride his bike

It is NOT the case that Rak rode his bike

Question 6

Example of conditional (if-then) (->)

Answer 6

If Rak rode his bike, then noor walked

Question 7

Simple statement:

Answer 7

Does not contain any other statements as constituents

Question 8

Compound statement:

Answer 8

A statement composed of at least 2 constituent, or simple statements

Question 9

Conjunction cont.

Answer 9

2 simple statements joined by a connective to form a compound statement.

words that connect don’t always need to be “and”, they can be “but, yet, also, while, nevertheless”

If “p” and “q” are both true, then (p & q) is true.

If one of the letters (p or q) is false, then the whole statement (p & q) is false

Question 10

Disjunction cont.

Answer 10

The word “unless” is sometimes used in the place of “or”

p v q is possible or “true” in every scenario UNLESS both p and q are false.

example:

p = T but q = F, disjunction is still true
p = F but q = T, disjunction is still true
but if p and q = F, then disjunction is false

Question 11

negation cont.

Answer 11

e.g

The price of eggs in China is not very high.
or
It is not the case that the price of eggs in China is very high.
or
It is false that the price of eggs in China is very high.

~p = Not p

Question 12

In what case is a conditional statement false?

Answer 12

If its antecedent is true, but the consequent is false